Lecture objectives Flashcards
1
Q
gastrulation
A
process of separating into three layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
2
Q
neurulation
A
formation of neural tube
neural plate from ectoderm pinched off downward
buckles in middle and pinches
3
Q
organizing centers
A
Spemanns organizer
hensens node
roof plate
notochord
4
Q
spemanns organizer
A
important for differentiating dorsal region of neural tube BMP antagonists (inhibitors)
5
Q
hensens node
A
anterior of primitive streak
moves toward tail based on gradient of retinoic acid
6
Q
roof plate
A
same as neural plate
lacated dorsal midline of neural tube
7
Q
notochord
A
ventral of floor plate
both releases Shh
8
Q
transplant experiments
A
when you take organizers and add them to weird parts you see that cells had predetermined fate in the area so if you move anterior to mesoderm you get an extra head, posterior extra tail
9
Q
Neural induction
A
basically BMP makes skin cells and has to be turned off to make neurons
10
Q
BMP
A
bone morphogenic proteins
ventral in axis
11
Q
BMP inhibitors
A
dorsal in axis
12
Q
head =
A
dorsal and anterior
high BMP inhibitors
low Wnt, FGF, RA
13
Q
tail =
A
ventral and poeterior
high BMP and high Wnt FGF and R
14
Q
Wnt
A
high in posterior
15
Q
Wnt inhibitors
A
high in anterior
16
Q
RA
A
retinoic acid for hox gene stuff
low in anterior
high in posteiro
17
Q
FGF
A
fibroblast growth factors
from isthimic organizer
low anterior
high posterior
18
Q
ectoderm
A
skin cells and neural plate
(
19
Q
neural plate
A
cells of neurons for central and peripheral NS
20
Q
mesoderm
A
somites and notochord
21
Q
endoderm
A
lowest layer
22
Q
retinoic acid
A
hensens node
hox gene expression
segmentation of spinal chord
23
Q
rhobomereses
A
partitions in spinal cord based on hox gene expression from retinoic acid
cells can move around within but not between after demarkation
24
Q
neurogenesis developmoent
A
cortex
hippocampus - granule cells form subgranular zone becoming inner lining of dentate gyrus
25
neurogenesis adult
subventricular zone - of lateral ventricle
| subgranular zone of dentate gyrus
26
neurogenesis in cerebral cortex
start out as neural epithelial cells
then become radial glial cells which neurons and other progenitors move up before moving laterally in various levels
all start in Ventricular Zone go up to SVZand up and up
27
cell division of neural progenitor cells
NEC-> RGC-> IPC-> neurons
each can become neuron or self
if asymmetric go up a zone
28
cell division of neuroepithelial cells
stem cellsearly stage, divide symmetriclally into more NECs
| i think become granule cells
29
cell division of radial glial cels
```
apical progenitor cells
symmetry -> two RGC
assymetrically -> RGC &neuron
asymetrically ->RGC&IPC
in VZ
```
30
cell division of intermediated progenitor cells
in SVZ
| divide symmetrically
31
symmetric vs asymmetric division
symmetric is two of something
asymetric is one self one of something else
depends on microdomeains
32
after asymmetric division, which beocmes IPS
more apical and cadherin hole becomes IPS
33
after asymmetric division, which becomes differentiated
less apical and zonular protein become differentiated
34
markers for progenitor cells
```
H-thymidine
BrdU
PNCA
ki67
phospho-histone H3
```
35
BrdU
enters DNA so present in proliferation
36
ki67
shows in cell cycle
37
neurospheres
neural precursers in vitro
| made by FGF and EGF
38
DAPI
stains nuclei blue
39
nestin
stains neurons red
40
EGFR
green
| epidermal growth factor
41
ki67 and BrdU
both means entering cell cycle
| only BrDU means progenitor cells leaving CC
42
notch
inhibits neuron differentiation by enforcing equilibrium between IPS and differentiation
43
neurogenesis in subventricular zone
neuroblasts migrate from LV on RMS (rostral migration stream) to olfactory bulb
44
neurogensis in subgranular zone
near blood vessels?
45
role in neurogenesis of FGF and EGF
growth factors for neurons
46
role in neurogenesis of Notch
more notch more progenitors and less neurons and vice versa
47
role in neurogenesis of VEGF
external grwoth factors
48
OPCs
on ventral side
49
Shh
necessary and sufficient for Oligodendrocytes PC coming from notochord
inhibits inhibitor so inhibition is activated pathway
from floor plate and notochord
50
factor for roofplate
BMP
51
Cre-loxp
inducible recombination by permanently removing stop codon
52
temporal development of cellss
neurons then astrocytes then oligodendrocytes with some overlapping periods
Glia are post neurogenesis and during postnatal
but radial glia during embrionic
53
Shh fate
neural precurser cells
| induces olig2 expression for oligodendrocytes
54
delta notch fate
more notch more progenitors
| less nothc more neurons
55
intrinsic signals
i guess just that some are determined by otme
56
environmental signals
otheres need signals like shh
57
developmental origins of glial cell types
oligodnedrocytes from ventral precursers
58
rostral migratory stream
tangential migraion from Lateral ventricle sub ventricular zone to olfactory bulb
59
radial migration vs tangential migration
radial is for cortical migration as the cell moves toward surface
tangential is when it leaves the radial glia to at different angles
60
inside out layering mechanism
layer 1 is the deepest layer called marginal zone the adult layers form next with 'youngest' layer most superficial
61
locomotion vs nuclear translocation
locomotion is glia dependent, moves by extending leading edge move nucleus, contract tail
translocation is glia independent has same steps tho just really long extensions
62
3 steps of migration
extension of leading edge (actin)
nuclear movement (
contraction of tail
63
in utero electroporation method
Dye is injected into the vesicles of in-utero pups, then driven into the cells with an electric current along the axis of the electric current.
to show migration
64
molecules in neuronal migration
Reelin, Integrin-A, PSA-NCAM,
65
multipolar migration
when it switches radial glia
66
axon projections
different but equally appropriate targets
67
guidance cues
attractive/repulsive
surface bound and or secreted
spatially and temporally regulated
68
growth cone
highly dynaic and responds to guidance cues to determine direction of axon growth
69
regulation of guidance cues
d
70
attractive/repulsive guidance cues
some always one or other
some can be either
dependent on cone receptors or downstream signaling cascades
71
receptive field of the eyes
left side of both eyes go to left side of brain
| some visual cortex on both sides does receive minor side input
72
monocular deprivation
neurons from deprived eeye get less branched normal eye gets extra branched
73
how is axon growth directed
toward a target
74
flipping neural tube
nerves connect to same spot but with weird crossings
| intrinsically induced
75
convergence
multiple neurons onto a singingle neuron
76
divergence
a single neuron with several downstream targets
77
reciprocity
a neuron signaling target may in turn signal back on the original neuron
78
lateral inhibition
inhibitory neuron signals others in same layer
79
frog retina flip
neurons regenerated to the same targets showing receptive feild in eye mathc that of the retina
80
pioneer neuron
center of twizzler finds neuron and brings more
81
synaptic cleft
polar, highly connected
82
retinal ganglion cells
stimuli from interneurons determine activation?
83
NMJ
motor neruon and muscle fiber
one MN to many fibers
Acetylcholine
no cell death when finding, each neuron wins one
84
synapses
fundamental units of communication
| complex with tight alignment of pre and post components
85
NMJ
helped discover how synapses work
86
z agrin secretion
Agrin induces aggregation of AChRs at synaptic sites. MuSK causes cluster formation and LRP4 causes axon-cluster interactions
87
central synapses
stages
distinct mechanism
in CNS
88
activity
spontaneous and experience drivin is key
89
nogoR
closes critical period
90
postnatal development of synapses in CNS
number increases 1yr postnatally
6-20 years most pruning, low levels forever
2 critical periods
91
2 critical periods
natural critical period
juvenile and adolescent period
bothe periods sensitive to envirionment and epigenetics
use it or lose it
92
natrual critical period
brain region specific
93
juvenile and adolescent period
dependen on hormones and experience
94
use it or lose it
normal stimulation or too much pruning
| not vocab, perpheral or color vision
95
why overproduce and prune
maximize effienceicy by making everything and keping what you need
96
teen brain
NAc (motivation) and amygdala
underdeveloped PFC
low effor high reward
97
amygdala teens
emotions uncontrolled
| misinterpreting faces
98
PFC teens
overpowered by NAc and amygdala so poor decisions and goal setting
99
ferets
born deaf and blind
| if auditory is cut then repurposed to visual cells
100
competition
elimination of synapses
| formation of new
101
activity dependent
NT release and receptor trafficking
102
long term potentiation
synaptic maturtion
103
long term depression
pruning/weakening
104
autism
more synapses so limited pruning
105
shizophrenia
excessive pruning
