Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grad Neuro I > Lecture objectives > Flashcards

Lecture objectives Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation

A

process of separating into three layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neurulation

A

formation of neural tube
neural plate from ectoderm pinched off downward
buckles in middle and pinches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

organizing centers

A

Spemanns organizer
hensens node
roof plate
notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

spemanns organizer

A 
important for differentiating dorsal region of neural tube
BMP antagonists (inhibitors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hensens node

A

anterior of primitive streak

moves toward tail based on gradient of retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

roof plate

A

same as neural plate

lacated dorsal midline of neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

notochord

A

ventral of floor plate

both releases Shh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transplant experiments

A

when you take organizers and add them to weird parts you see that cells had predetermined fate in the area so if you move anterior to mesoderm you get an extra head, posterior extra tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neural induction

A

basically BMP makes skin cells and has to be turned off to make neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BMP

A

bone morphogenic proteins

ventral in axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BMP inhibitors

A

dorsal in axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

head =

A

dorsal and anterior
high BMP inhibitors
low Wnt, FGF, RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tail =

A

ventral and poeterior

high BMP and high Wnt FGF and R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wnt

A

high in posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wnt inhibitors

A

high in anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RA

A

retinoic acid for hox gene stuff
low in anterior
high in posteiro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FGF

A

fibroblast growth factors
from isthimic organizer
low anterior
high posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ectoderm

A

skin cells and neural plate

(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neural plate

A

cells of neurons for central and peripheral NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mesoderm

A

somites and notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

endoderm

A

lowest layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

retinoic acid

A

hensens node
hox gene expression
segmentation of spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

rhobomereses

A

partitions in spinal cord based on hox gene expression from retinoic acid
cells can move around within but not between after demarkation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neurogenesis developmoent

A

cortex

hippocampus - granule cells form subgranular zone becoming inner lining of dentate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

neurogenesis adult

A

subventricular zone - of lateral ventricle

subgranular zone of dentate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neurogenesis in cerebral cortex

A

start out as neural epithelial cells
then become radial glial cells which neurons and other progenitors move up before moving laterally in various levels
all start in Ventricular Zone go up to SVZand up and up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cell division of neural progenitor cells

A

NEC-> RGC-> IPC-> neurons
each can become neuron or self
if asymmetric go up a zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cell division of neuroepithelial cells

A

stem cellsearly stage, divide symmetriclally into more NECs

i think become granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cell division of radial glial cels

A 
apical progenitor cells
symmetry -> two RGC
assymetrically -> RGC &neuron
asymetrically ->RGC&IPC
in VZ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cell division of intermediated progenitor cells

A

in SVZ

divide symmetrically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

symmetric vs asymmetric division

A

symmetric is two of something
asymetric is one self one of something else
depends on microdomeains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

after asymmetric division, which beocmes IPS

A

more apical and cadherin hole becomes IPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

after asymmetric division, which becomes differentiated

A

less apical and zonular protein become differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

markers for progenitor cells

A 
H-thymidine
BrdU
PNCA
ki67
phospho-histone H3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

BrdU

A

enters DNA so present in proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ki67

A

shows in cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

neurospheres

A

neural precursers in vitro

made by FGF and EGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

DAPI

A

stains nuclei blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nestin

A

stains neurons red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

EGFR

A

green

epidermal growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ki67 and BrdU

A

both means entering cell cycle

only BrDU means progenitor cells leaving CC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

notch

A

inhibits neuron differentiation by enforcing equilibrium between IPS and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

neurogenesis in subventricular zone

A

neuroblasts migrate from LV on RMS (rostral migration stream) to olfactory bulb

44
Q

neurogensis in subgranular zone

A

near blood vessels?

45
Q

role in neurogenesis of FGF and EGF

A

growth factors for neurons

46
Q

role in neurogenesis of Notch

A

more notch more progenitors and less neurons and vice versa

47
Q

role in neurogenesis of VEGF

A

external grwoth factors

48
Q

OPCs

A

on ventral side

49
Q

Shh

A

necessary and sufficient for Oligodendrocytes PC coming from notochord
inhibits inhibitor so inhibition is activated pathway
from floor plate and notochord

50
Q

factor for roofplate

A

BMP

51
Q

Cre-loxp

A

inducible recombination by permanently removing stop codon

52
Q

temporal development of cellss

A

neurons then astrocytes then oligodendrocytes with some overlapping periods
Glia are post neurogenesis and during postnatal
but radial glia during embrionic

53
Q

Shh fate

A

neural precurser cells

induces olig2 expression for oligodendrocytes

54
Q

delta notch fate

A

more notch more progenitors

less nothc more neurons

55
Q

intrinsic signals

A

i guess just that some are determined by otme

56
Q

environmental signals

A

otheres need signals like shh

57
Q

developmental origins of glial cell types

A

oligodnedrocytes from ventral precursers

58
Q

rostral migratory stream

A

tangential migraion from Lateral ventricle sub ventricular zone to olfactory bulb

59
Q

radial migration vs tangential migration

A

radial is for cortical migration as the cell moves toward surface
tangential is when it leaves the radial glia to at different angles

60
Q

inside out layering mechanism

A

layer 1 is the deepest layer called marginal zone the adult layers form next with ‘youngest’ layer most superficial

61
Q

locomotion vs nuclear translocation

A

locomotion is glia dependent, moves by extending leading edge move nucleus, contract tail
translocation is glia independent has same steps tho just really long extensions

62
Q

3 steps of migration

A

extension of leading edge (actin)
nuclear movement (
contraction of tail

63
Q

in utero electroporation method

A

Dye is injected into the vesicles of in-utero pups, then driven into the cells with an electric current along the axis of the electric current.
to show migration

64
Q

molecules in neuronal migration

A

Reelin, Integrin-A, PSA-NCAM,

65
Q

multipolar migration

A

when it switches radial glia

66
Q

axon projections

A

different but equally appropriate targets

67
Q

guidance cues

A

attractive/repulsive
surface bound and or secreted
spatially and temporally regulated

68
Q

growth cone

A

highly dynaic and responds to guidance cues to determine direction of axon growth

69
Q

regulation of guidance cues

A

d

70
Q

attractive/repulsive guidance cues

A

some always one or other
some can be either
dependent on cone receptors or downstream signaling cascades

71
Q

receptive field of the eyes

A

left side of both eyes go to left side of brain

some visual cortex on both sides does receive minor side input

72
Q

monocular deprivation

A

neurons from deprived eeye get less branched normal eye gets extra branched

73
Q

how is axon growth directed

A

toward a target

74
Q

flipping neural tube

A

nerves connect to same spot but with weird crossings

intrinsically induced

75
Q

convergence

A

multiple neurons onto a singingle neuron

76
Q

divergence

A

a single neuron with several downstream targets

77
Q

reciprocity

A

a neuron signaling target may in turn signal back on the original neuron

78
Q

lateral inhibition

A

inhibitory neuron signals others in same layer

79
Q

frog retina flip

A

neurons regenerated to the same targets showing receptive feild in eye mathc that of the retina

80
Q

pioneer neuron

A

center of twizzler finds neuron and brings more

81
Q

synaptic cleft

A

polar, highly connected

82
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

stimuli from interneurons determine activation?

83
Q

NMJ

A

motor neruon and muscle fiber
one MN to many fibers
Acetylcholine
no cell death when finding, each neuron wins one

84
Q

synapses

A

fundamental units of communication

complex with tight alignment of pre and post components

85
Q

NMJ

A

helped discover how synapses work

86
Q

z agrin secretion

A

Agrin induces aggregation of AChRs at synaptic sites. MuSK causes cluster formation and LRP4 causes axon-cluster interactions

87
Q

central synapses

A

stages
distinct mechanism
in CNS

88
Q

activity

A

spontaneous and experience drivin is key

89
Q

nogoR

A

closes critical period

90
Q

postnatal development of synapses in CNS

A

number increases 1yr postnatally
6-20 years most pruning, low levels forever
2 critical periods

91
Q

2 critical periods

A

natural critical period
juvenile and adolescent period
bothe periods sensitive to envirionment and epigenetics
use it or lose it

92
Q

natrual critical period

A

brain region specific

93
Q

juvenile and adolescent period

A

dependen on hormones and experience

94
Q

use it or lose it

A

normal stimulation or too much pruning

not vocab, perpheral or color vision

95
Q

why overproduce and prune

A

maximize effienceicy by making everything and keping what you need

96
Q

teen brain

A

NAc (motivation) and amygdala
underdeveloped PFC
low effor high reward

97
Q

amygdala teens

A

emotions uncontrolled

misinterpreting faces

98
Q

PFC teens

A

overpowered by NAc and amygdala so poor decisions and goal setting

99
Q

ferets

A

born deaf and blind

if auditory is cut then repurposed to visual cells

100
Q

competition

A

elimination of synapses

formation of new

101
Q

activity dependent

A

NT release and receptor trafficking

102
Q

long term potentiation

A

synaptic maturtion

103
Q

long term depression

A

pruning/weakening

104
Q

autism

A

more synapses so limited pruning

105
Q

shizophrenia

A

excessive pruning

Grad Neuro I (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions