Exam 1

Question 1

TF microglia are derived from neural precursors in the ventral neural tube

Answer 1

F WHy?

Question 2

TF The phenotype of a Notch loss of function mutation is a dual CNS

Answer 2

T

Question 3

TF Sonic Hedge Hog signalisng is derived from teh notochord and the floor plate of the neural tube

Answer 3

t

Question 4

TF radial glia generate protoplasmic astrocytes then neurons

Answer 4

F WHy?

Question 5

TF Schwann cells are derived from teh neural crest

Answer 5

T

Question 6

progenitor cells in SVZ

Answer 6

differentiate into mostly astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes and then migrate to other regions by p28
lineage restricted

Question 7

lineage restricted

Answer 7

differentatie first then migrate

Question 8

multipotent

Answer 8

migrate first then differenctiate

Question 9

the synapse number in the human brain peaks

Answer 9

the first year after birth

Question 10

two critical stages during postnatal development

Answer 10

the critical period of cortical development and the adolescent period

Question 11

brain regions that do exhibit dramatic synaptic changes during juvenile and adolescent periods

Answer 11

Nucleus Accumbens
Amygdala
prefrontal cortex

Question 12

why is INCREASED synaptic pruning during development detrimental to normal brain funciton

Answer 12

Schizophrenia has increased synaptic pruning which leads to disrupted connections in the brain and symptoms such as hallucinations and irrational thinking

Question 13

why is DECREASED synaptic pruning during development detrimental to normal brain function

Answer 13

autism has decreased synaptic pruning and an excess of PFC neurons which leads to impaired cognition and awkward social functioning.

Question 14

TF neuronal migration can only be seen in the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

False

Question 15

3 types of cells that can come from neural crest cells

Answer 15

schwann
pigment
skin????

Question 16

TF rostral migratory stream can be observed in the hippocampus

Answer 16

??

Question 17

molecules involved in neuronal migration

Answer 17

reelin, dex, lis1

Question 18

2 types of neuronal migration in developing cortex

Answer 18

radial

tangential

Question 19

locomotion

Answer 19

mode of neuronal cell migration
Glia dependent, the cell moves along the radial glia by extending the leading edge, moving nucleus forward and contracting tail

Question 20

Nuclear somal translocation

Answer 20

glia independent, the cell travels without glia and extends the leading edge, nucleus moves forward and contracts the rear

Question 21

3 steps of cell migration

Answer 21

extenssion of leading edge
nuclear movement
contraction of tail

Question 22

what is a unique migration mechanism seen in the cortex

Answer 22

inside out layering

Question 23

how the in utero electoporation methond can anaylyze neuronal migration

Answer 23

inject plasmid into brain of mouse,
use charged paddles to direct DNA to specific region of interest in the brain (DNA moves toward anodes)
Have injected GFP coding sequence in DNA and transcription promoter site and youll get fluoresence

Question 24

molecues involved in neuronal migration

Answer 24

Cdk5
Lis1
Integrins
PSA-NCAM
Reelin

Question 25

PCD mammal deveolopment vs C. Elegans

Answer 25

mammals cell death is stochastic | worm cell death is determined by genetic lineage

Question 26

steps in order apoptosis

Answer 26

``` chromatin condensation pyknosis (nuclear condensation) nuclear fragmentation apoptotic body formatin phagocytosis ```

Question 27

mammalian homolog of Egl-1

Answer 27

pro-apoptic Bcl-2 protiens

Question 28

mammalian homolog of Ced-9

Answer 28

anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protins

Question 29

mammalian homolog of Ced-4

Answer 29

apoptosis activating factor

Question 30

mammalian homolog of Ced 3

Answer 30

caspase

Question 31

is caspase activation necessary only for apoptosis

Answer 31

no also involved in non-apoptic process like dendritic pruning, axon guidance, and normal synapse physiology

Question 32

intrinsic pathway to caspase-3 activation

Answer 32

mitochondria release cytochrome-c apoptosome forms (cytochrom C + caspase 9 and APAF-1) Caspase 9 is activated caspase 3 is activated

Question 33

extrinsic pathway of caspase 3 activation

Answer 33

death receptor activated DISC formation (death receptor +caspase + death domain proteins) caspase 8 caspase 3

Question 34

is PCD of c elegans the same as those deprived of NGF

Answer 34

no cuz NGF deprivation is how mammals do it | c elegans are predetermined

Question 35

2 methods to identify apoptotic cells

Answer 35

PS externalization with annexin V | DNA laddering

Question 36

mechanism of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

Answer 36

phagocytes go to 'find me' signals on apoptotic bodies then engulf because of eat me signals like PS on the bodies then degradation while releasing anti-inflammatory moleucles prevents spread of cell death and reduce inflamaation

Question 37

is Bone morphogenic protein BMP involved in neural induction

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

is nuerulation the early event of neural development

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

3 types of organizing centers

Answer 39

spemanns organizer hensens node roof plate

Question 40

BMP4 and BMP4 inhibitors

Answer 40

both importatn for neural indcution

Question 41

3 BMP inhibitors

Answer 41

noggin chordin follistatin

Question 42

2 head organizing molecules

Answer 42

Wnt-inhibitors | BMP inhibitors

Question 43

four regional specifications in developing brain

Answer 43

forebrain midbrain hindbrain spinal cord

Question 44

regionalization

Answer 44

retinoic acid hoxb gene hoxba gene

Question 45

retinoic acid

Answer 45

regulates expression of HOx in regionalization

Question 46

how are the five classes of neurons generated in the ventral tube

Answer 46

by the gradeint of Shh in the ventral neural tube | Shh inhiibits some Hox genes and activates other hox genes to give rise to different classes of neurons

Question 47

which hox genes does Shh inhibit

Answer 47

Pax6 and Dbx2

Question 48

which hox genes does Shh activate

Answer 48

Nlex2.2

Question 49

is neurogenesis limited to embryos

Answer 49

no

Question 50

2 regions of neurogenisis in adult brains

Answer 50

subventriuclar zone of lateral ventricle | subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus

Question 51

typs of cell devision

Answer 51

symmetric AND aysmmetric

Question 52

3 types of progenitor/stem cells

Answer 52

neuroepithelial cells radial glial cells intermediate progenitor cells

Question 53

BrdU vs Ki67 markers

Answer 53

BrdU marks cell proliferation to mark progenitor cells | ki67 marks being in the cell cycle (absent in G0)

Question 54

do radial glial cells divid assymmetrcially to produce2 neurons

Answer 54

no asymmetric means one neuron on progentior

Question 55

adherins junctional microdomains on apical surface of ventricular zone

Answer 55

AJM has microdomains with cadherin get split and the amount each side gets determines if cell becomes progenitor or neuron,symetry becomes progenitors asymmetry become one of each

Question 56

INM

Answer 56

interkinetic nuclear migration is seen in radial glial cells