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Grad Neuro I > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

TF microglia are derived from neural precursors in the ventral neural tube

A

F WHy?

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2
Q

TF The phenotype of a Notch loss of function mutation is a dual CNS

A

T

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3
Q

TF Sonic Hedge Hog signalisng is derived from teh notochord and the floor plate of the neural tube

A

t

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4
Q

TF radial glia generate protoplasmic astrocytes then neurons

A

F WHy?

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5
Q

TF Schwann cells are derived from teh neural crest

A

T

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6
Q

progenitor cells in SVZ

A

differentiate into mostly astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes and then migrate to other regions by p28
lineage restricted

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7
Q

lineage restricted

A

differentatie first then migrate

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8
Q

multipotent

A

migrate first then differenctiate

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9
Q

the synapse number in the human brain peaks

A

the first year after birth

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10
Q

two critical stages during postnatal development

A

the critical period of cortical development and the adolescent period

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11
Q

brain regions that do exhibit dramatic synaptic changes during juvenile and adolescent periods

A

Nucleus Accumbens
Amygdala
prefrontal cortex

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12
Q

why is INCREASED synaptic pruning during development detrimental to normal brain funciton

A

Schizophrenia has increased synaptic pruning which leads to disrupted connections in the brain and symptoms such as hallucinations and irrational thinking

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13
Q

why is DECREASED synaptic pruning during development detrimental to normal brain function

A

autism has decreased synaptic pruning and an excess of PFC neurons which leads to impaired cognition and awkward social functioning.

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14
Q

TF neuronal migration can only be seen in the cerebral cortex

A

False

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15
Q

3 types of cells that can come from neural crest cells

A

schwann
pigment
skin????

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16
Q

TF rostral migratory stream can be observed in the hippocampus

A

??

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17
Q

molecules involved in neuronal migration

A

reelin, dex, lis1

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18
Q

2 types of neuronal migration in developing cortex

A

radial

tangential

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19
Q

locomotion

A

mode of neuronal cell migration
Glia dependent, the cell moves along the radial glia by extending the leading edge, moving nucleus forward and contracting tail

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20
Q

Nuclear somal translocation

A

glia independent, the cell travels without glia and extends the leading edge, nucleus moves forward and contracts the rear

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21
Q

3 steps of cell migration

A

extenssion of leading edge
nuclear movement
contraction of tail

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22
Q

what is a unique migration mechanism seen in the cortex

A

inside out layering

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23
Q

how the in utero electoporation methond can anaylyze neuronal migration

A

inject plasmid into brain of mouse,
use charged paddles to direct DNA to specific region of interest in the brain (DNA moves toward anodes)
Have injected GFP coding sequence in DNA and transcription promoter site and youll get fluoresence

24
Q

molecues involved in neuronal migration

A 
Cdk5
Lis1
Integrins
PSA-NCAM
Reelin
25
Q

PCD mammal deveolopment vs C. Elegans

A

mammals cell death is stochastic

worm cell death is determined by genetic lineage

26
Q

steps in order apoptosis

A 
chromatin condensation
pyknosis (nuclear condensation)
nuclear fragmentation
apoptotic body formatin
phagocytosis
27
Q

mammalian homolog of Egl-1

A

pro-apoptic Bcl-2 protiens

28
Q

mammalian homolog of Ced-9

A

anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protins

29
Q

mammalian homolog of Ced-4

A

apoptosis activating factor

30
Q

mammalian homolog of Ced 3

A

caspase

31
Q

is caspase activation necessary only for apoptosis

A

no also involved in non-apoptic process like dendritic pruning, axon guidance, and normal synapse physiology

32
Q

intrinsic pathway to caspase-3 activation

A

mitochondria release cytochrome-c
apoptosome forms (cytochrom C + caspase 9 and APAF-1)
Caspase 9 is activated
caspase 3 is activated

33
Q

extrinsic pathway of caspase 3 activation

A

death receptor activated
DISC formation (death receptor +caspase + death domain proteins)
caspase 8
caspase 3

34
Q

is PCD of c elegans the same as those deprived of NGF

A

no cuz NGF deprivation is how mammals do it

c elegans are predetermined

35
Q

2 methods to identify apoptotic cells

A

PS externalization with annexin V

DNA laddering

36
Q

mechanism of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

A

phagocytes go to ‘find me’ signals on apoptotic bodies then engulf because of eat me signals like PS on the bodies
then degradation while releasing anti-inflammatory moleucles
prevents spread of cell death and reduce inflamaation

37
Q

is Bone morphogenic protein BMP involved in neural induction

A

yes

38
Q

is nuerulation the early event of neural development

A

yes

39
Q

3 types of organizing centers

A

spemanns organizer
hensens node
roof plate

40
Q

BMP4 and BMP4 inhibitors

A

both importatn for neural indcution

41
Q

3 BMP inhibitors

A

noggin
chordin
follistatin

42
Q

2 head organizing molecules

A

Wnt-inhibitors

BMP inhibitors

43
Q

four regional specifications in developing brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
spinal cord

44
Q

regionalization

A

retinoic acid
hoxb gene
hoxba gene

45
Q

retinoic acid

A

regulates expression of HOx in regionalization

46
Q

how are the five classes of neurons generated in the ventral tube

A

by the gradeint of Shh in the ventral neural tube

Shh inhiibits some Hox genes and activates other hox genes to give rise to different classes of neurons

47
Q

which hox genes does Shh inhibit

A

Pax6 and Dbx2

48
Q

which hox genes does Shh activate

A

Nlex2.2

49
Q

is neurogenesis limited to embryos

A

no

50
Q

2 regions of neurogenisis in adult brains

A

subventriuclar zone of lateral ventricle

subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus

51
Q

typs of cell devision

A

symmetric AND aysmmetric

52
Q

3 types of progenitor/stem cells

A

neuroepithelial cells
radial glial cells
intermediate progenitor cells

53
Q

BrdU vs Ki67 markers

A

BrdU marks cell proliferation to mark progenitor cells

ki67 marks being in the cell cycle (absent in G0)

54
Q

do radial glial cells divid assymmetrcially to produce2 neurons

A

no asymmetric means one neuron on progentior

55
Q

adherins junctional microdomains on apical surface of ventricular zone

A

AJM has microdomains with cadherin get split and the amount each side gets determines if cell becomes progenitor or neuron,symetry becomes progenitors
asymmetry become one of each

56
Q

INM

A

interkinetic nuclear migration is seen in radial glial cells

Grad Neuro I (9 decks)

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