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Water resource management > lecture notes part 2 > Flashcards

lecture notes part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

to measure water rate and volume there is a need to measure

A
  1. depth of water
  2. terrain
  3. velocity
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2
Q

type of water measurement

A
  1. overland flow
  2. river discharge
  3. water storage in lakes and reservoir
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3
Q

overland flow

A

surface water runoff that is moving within a watershed toward a river

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4
Q

overland flow has usually a …………….. distance

A

short

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5
Q

overland flow is calculated by

A

Q=kiA

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6
Q

overland flow is calculated by

Q = KiA

where k =

A

runoff coefficient

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7
Q

overland flow is calculated by

Q = KiA

where i =

A

rainfall intensity (cm/hr)

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8
Q

overland flow is calculated by

Q = KiA

where A =

A

area of watershed in hectars

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9
Q

overland flow is calculated by

Q = KiA

where Q =

A

peak rate of runoff in m3​/s

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10
Q

Q=KiA

this formula is used to

A

design storm drains and culverts and other structures that control runoff, primarily in urban areas

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11
Q

K is max in

A

downtown (0.7 - 0.95)

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12
Q

k is min in

A

parks (0.1 - 0.25)

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13
Q

river discharge is

A

the amount of water carried in a river at any time

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14
Q

river discharge

is the amount of water carried in a river at any time, which is the

A

volume of water m3

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15
Q

river discharge:

is the amount of water carried in a river at anytime, which is the volume of water m3 flowing past

A

a given point during a given period of time

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16
Q

river discharge is measured by ……………….. or ……………………

A

m3/s or L/min

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17
Q

river discharge varies from …………………………. in small streams

A

0.06 m3/s

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18
Q

river discharge varies from 0.06 m^3 /s in small streams to ………………………. in mississippi river

A

42,000 - 339,000 m3​/s

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19
Q

the highest record was 1.5 x 106 m3/s in the

A

amazon river of brazil

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20
Q

calculations of river discharge?

A
  1. measure of the depth of river at a particular cross section
  2. water velocity is measured in several points and depths along the same cross section
  3. use these data in the equation Q=AV
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21
Q

Q=AV

where Q =

A

discharge average

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22
Q

Q=AV

where A =

A

cross section area of a channel

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23
Q

Q=AV

where V =

A

average water velocity

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24
Q

rivers which have continiously changing riverbeds ( that are consistency of ……………………)

A

sand and gravel

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25
Q

rivers which have continiously changing riverbeds ( that are consistency of sand and gravel), the measurements are made

A

weekly to provide more accurate data on the size and shape of the channel bottom

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26
Q

factors affecting river discharge?

A
  1. rock and soil type
  2. land use
  3. rainfall
  4. relief
  5. weather conditions
    6.
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27
Q

rock and soil type

sand

A

absorb water easily so runoff is rare

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28
Q

rock and soil type

clay

A

clay because they are closely packed water reaches the river more quickly

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29
Q

rock and soil type

limestone

A

allow water to pass through porous rocks

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30
Q

land use:

in urban city roads

A

water runs into drains

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31
Q

land use

in rural areas

A

ploughing up and down allows water to drain and reach rivers

32
Q

land use:

deforestation

A

allows rainfall to reach the ground faster and runs as drains

33
Q

rainfall

…………………………………… will affect a river discharge

A

the amount and type of rainfall

34
Q

. rainfall

antecedent rainfall saturated the ground further rainfall will

A

run as a runoff towards the river

35
Q

rainfall

heavy continual rain or melting snow means

A

more water flowing into the river

36
Q

relief

steep slopes causes rainfall to

A

run over the surface before it can infiltrate

37
Q

weather conditions:

hot dry weather can

A

bake the soil, so rainfall cant soak in. it move above the surface into the river

38
Q
  1. weather conditions:

hot dry weather can bake the soil, so rainfall cant soak in. it move above the surface into the river

high temperature increases

A

evaporation from water surfaces and reduce discharge

39
Q
  1. weather conditions:

hot dry weather can bake the soil, so rainfall cant soak in. it move above the surface into the river

high temperature increases evaporation from water surfaces and reduce discharge

very cold weather lead to

A

frozen ground so water cant soak in

40
Q

average velocity measurements:

the water velocity varies according to

A

the depth and nearness to obstacles

41
Q

average velocity measurements:

the water velocity varies according to the depth and nearness to obstacles such as

A

bed, bancks

42
Q

average velocity measurements:

the water velocity varies according to the depth and nearness to obstacles such as bed, bancks. Which generate

A

friction and drag

43
Q

average velocity measurements:

the water velocity varies according to the depth and nearness to obstacles such as bed, bancks. Which generate friction and drag. The velocity is max at

A

the surface

44
Q

average velocity measurements:

the water velocity varies according to the depth and nearness to obstacles such as bed, bancks. Which generate friction and drag. The velocity is max at the surface and zero at

A

bed

45
Q

a good estimate of the average velocity is by

A

multiplying the surface velocity by 0.8

46
Q

agencies around the world collect river discharge data. In USA, it is US geologic survey (USGS) that is responsible for

A

river flow data

47
Q

agencies around the worls collect river discharge data. In USA, it is US geologic survey (USGS) that is responsible for river flow data.

Real – time data are recorded at

A

15 – 60 min interval

48
Q

agencies around the worls collect river discharge data. In USA, it is US geologic survey (USGS) that is responsible for river flow data.

Real – time data are recorded at 15 – 60 min interval but may be more frequent during

A

critical events

49
Q

Water velocity is measured by a

A

flow melt

50
Q

Water velocity is measured by a flow melt. A flow meter turns a small propeller at the

A

end of a shaft on the meter

51
Q

Water velocity is measured by a flow melt. A flow meter turns a small propeller at the end of a shaft on the meter. Propeller rotations are

A

electronically recorded over a set period of time

52
Q

Water velocity is measured by a flow melt. A flow meter turns a small propeller at the end of a shaft on the meter. Propeller rotations are electronically recorded over a set period of time and allow a …………………………. to calculate average water velocity

A

hydrographer

53
Q

Since water velocity in rivers often pulsates, observations are made in interval of

A

40 - 70 seconds

54
Q

Since water velocity in rivers often pulsates, observations are made in interval of 40-70 seconds.

Measurement are made by

A

dividing a river into cross sectional segments of not greater than 10% of the total river width

55
Q

Measurement are made by dividing a river into cross sectional segments of not greater than 10% of the total river width. Therefore, …………….. vertical section measurements are typical

A

10-20

56
Q

Water velocity ofter varies from ……………………….. at the bottom to …………………………. at the surface

A

almost zero at the bottom to near maximum at the surface

57
Q

The average of the velocities at …………………………. depth provides the average velocities for a given vertical section

A

20% and 80%

58
Q

The stage of river or lake stage is the

A

height of the water surface above a set reference elevation

59
Q

If the streambed is known and the water surface stage is subtracted, the result is

A

the depth of water in the river

60
Q

If the streambed is known and the water surface stage is subtracted, the result is the depth of water in the river.

For this purpose a …………………………… is used

A

staff gauge

61
Q

Staff gauge is a

A

metal ruler attached to a permanent fixture

62
Q

The elevation of water on the staff gauge is called

A

gauge height

63
Q

Discharge is sometimes determined by using

A

the river stage directly

64
Q

Discharge is sometimes determined by using the river stage directly. In this case the result is a

A

rating curve

65
Q

Discharge is sometimes determined by using the river stage directly. In this case the result is a rating curve

Such curve is generated by making discharge measurements during

A

various times of the year, usually months

66
Q

Such curve is generated by making discharge measurements during various times of the year, usually months, and plotting these against

A

gauge height

67
Q

Such curve is generated by making discharge measurements during various times of the year, usually months, and plotting these against gauge height. Once constructed, a rating curve eliminates the need

A

of velocity and depth measurements unless the channels cross section changes

68
Q

A river hydrograph is

A

a graph of discharge over time and can be plotted daily, weekly, monthly or annually

69
Q

Seasonal variations are evident

A

on an annual hydrograph

70
Q

Seasonal variations are evident on an annual hydrograph, whereas flood events are displayed on

A

hourly, daily or weekly hydrographs

71
Q

A recorder is a device used to

A

record the elevation of water flowing through an open channel or river over time

72
Q

A recorder is a device used to record the elevation of water flowing through an open channel or river over time

A recorder is usually located in

A

a riverbank

73
Q

Historically, water measurements have ben used in Egypt 5000 years ago by a

A

nilometer

74
Q

Nilometers were used to measure

A

the nile river

75
Q

Historically, water measurements have ben used in Egypt 5000 years ago by a nilometer. Nilometers were used to measure the nile river. High river stage meant the

A

deposition of more sediment on floodplains for crops, while low- level stage meant shortage in irrigation and poor crops

76
Q

Pharaohs placed nilometers

A

upstream (further) south to provide an early warning system of future water discharge

Water resource management (13 decks)

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