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Water resource management > chapter 6: Water quality managment > Flashcards

chapter 6: Water quality managment Flashcards

1
Q

Primary fate and transport mechanisms for contaminants potentially present include the following:

A
  • Volatilization of chemicals from soil
  • Degradation of chemicals in soil and groundwater
  • Erosion of particulate-bound chemicals from soil
  • Leaching from soil with infiltrating water
  • Transport of chemicals with groundwater flow.
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2
Q

Volatilization can significantly affect

A

the distribution of a chemical in the environment

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3
Q

Volatilization can significantly affect the distribution of a chemical in the environment. In soils, the result is

A

a decrease in the amount of a chemical in soil

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4
Q

In soils, the result is a decrease in the amount of a chemical in soil as the chemical

A

volatilizes to soil gas and ultimately discharges to the atmosphere

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5
Q

. In soils, the result is a decrease in the amount of a chemical in soil as the chemical volatilizes to soil gas and ultimately discharges to the atmosphere. Volatilization reactions are most significant in

A

surface soils that are in direct (or near-direct) contact with the atmosphere.

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6
Q

Numerous chemicals in the environment are subject to

A

naturally occurring biotic (biologically based) and abiotic (non-biologically based) transformation reactions

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7
Q

Numerous chemicals in the environment are subject to naturally occurring biotic (biologically based) and abiotic (non-biologically based) transformation reactions that result in

A

the degradation of the chemical

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8
Q

Numerous chemicals in the environment are subject to naturally occurring biotic (biologically based) and abiotic (non-biologically based) transformation reactions that result in the degradation of the chemical. Many organic compounds are subject to

A

biodegradation reactions

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9
Q

Numerous chemicals in the environment are subject to naturally occurring biotic (biologically based) and abiotic (non-biologically based) transformation reactions that result in the degradation of the chemical. Many organic compounds are subject to biodegradation reactions under

A

aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) and anaerobic (in the absence of oxygen) conditions

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10
Q

During biodegradation, naturally occurring microorganisms in the ………………….

A

subsurface

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11
Q

During biodegradation, naturally occurring microorganisms in the subsurface transform

A

a chemical to another state as a direct or indirect consequence of their metabolic processes

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12
Q

During biodegradation, naturally occurring microorganisms in the subsurface transform a chemical to another state as a direct or indirect consequence of their metabolic processes. Biodegradation reactions often

A

break down organic chemicals to less toxic forms

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13
Q

Several naturally occurring abiotic reactions can significantly affect

A

the fate of chemicals in the environment

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14
Q

Several naturally occurring abiotic reactions can significantly affect the fate of chemicals in the environment. Common abiotic reactions include

A

photodegradation and hydrolysis

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15
Q

Photodegradation is

A

the process of decomposition of a chemical upon exposure to radiant energy such as the action of light

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16
Q

Photodegradation is the process of decomposition of a chemical upon exposure to radiant energy such as the action of light, and is most significant to chemicals in

A

surface soil that are in direct contact with sunlight

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17
Q

Hydrolysis is

A

the degradation reaction of the chemical with components of water

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18
Q

Hydrolysis is the degradation reaction of the chemical with components of water (e.g.,

A

hydroxyl and hydronium ions)

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19
Q

Hydrolysis is the degradation reaction of the chemical with components of water (e.g., hydroxyl and hydronium ions) and is thus most important in

A

saturated environments

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20
Q

Erosion processes can substantially affect the

A

distribution of soil-bound particulates in the environment

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21
Q

Erosion processes can substantially affect the distribution of soil-bound particulates in the environment and thus influence the

A

distribution of soil contaminants

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22
Q

Erosion processes can substantially affect the distribution of soil-bound particulates in the environment and thus influence the distribution of soil contaminants. High winds can scour

A

fine particles from the soil surface and redistribute these particles downwind

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23
Q

Similarly, runoff resulting from heavy precipitation events can scour

A

fine soil particles from surface soils

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24
Q

Similarly, runoff resulting from heavy precipitation events can scour fine soil particles from surface soils, eventually

A

depositing the particles during sedimentation downstream.

25
Q

Similarly, runoff resulting from heavy precipitation events can scour fine soil particles from surface soils, eventually depositing the particles during sedimentation downstream.

These physical processes often represent the

A

primary mechanism for transport of otherwise immobile chemicals such as metals.

26
Q

Chemicals in soils have the potential to

A

migrate to greater depths

27
Q

Chemicals in soils have the potential to migrate to greater depths with

A

infiltrating water.

28
Q

Chemicals in soils have the potential to migrate to greater depths with infiltrating water. As rainwater infiltrates, chemicals may be

A

be leached from the soil and carried to greater depths and potentially to groundwater

29
Q

Chemicals in soils have the potential to migrate to greater depths with infiltrating water. As rainwater infiltrates, chemicals may be leached from the soil and carried to greater depths and potentially to groundwater. The degree to which a chemical is leached is strongly influenced by

A

the chemical’s tendency to partition to the solid or aqueous phases

30
Q

Chemicals in soils have the potential to migrate to greater depths with infiltrating water. As rainwater infiltrates, chemicals may be leached from the soil and carried to greater depths and potentially to groundwater. The degree to which a chemical is leached is strongly influenced by the chemical’s tendency to partition to the solid or aqueous phases, which is largely a function of

A

the chemical’s solubility and particle affinity.

31
Q

Water solubility describes

A

the amount of a chemical that will dissolve in a given quantity of water

32
Q

Water solubility describes the amount of a chemical that will dissolve in a given quantity of water, and thus is

A

a primary determinant in the transport of a chemical in the environment

33
Q

Highly soluble chemicals can often

A

readily dissolve in water

34
Q

Highly soluble chemicals can often readily dissolve in water and are thus

A

susceptible to being mobilized from the soil matrix with infiltrating water and migrate to groundwater

35
Q

The solubility of organic chemicals is typically a

A

function of the hydrophobic nature of the chemical

36
Q

The solubility of organic chemicals is typically a function of the hydrophobic nature of the chemical. Many organic chemicals are

A

non-polar

37
Q

The solubility of organic chemicals is typically a function of the hydrophobic nature of the chemical. Many organic chemicals are non-polar and thus

A

do not dissolve readily into water

38
Q

Metals, which are naturally occurring, were detected in virtually

A

all groundwater samples

39
Q

The relative proportion of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases is controlled by

A

a complex combination of precipitation and sorption reactions

40
Q

The relative proportion of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases is controlled by a complex combination of precipitation and sorption reactions. In addition, metals in solution may exist as

A

“free” ions

41
Q

The relative proportion of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases is controlled by a complex combination of precipitation and sorption reactions. In addition, metals in solution may exist as “free” ions or with other

A

dissolved inorganic or organic compounds

42
Q

The relative proportion of metals between the dissolved and particulate phases is controlled by a complex combination of precipitation and sorption reactions. In addition, metals in solution may exist as “free” ions or with other dissolved inorganic or organic compounds. Water solubility is a primary determinant in the

A

transport of a chemical in the environment.

43
Q

Solubility of metals will be controlled by

A

precipitation and adsorption reactions

44
Q

Solubility of metals will be controlled by precipitation and adsorption reactions, which are likely to be the most significant factors affecting

A

metals migration

45
Q

Metals have a large range in the

A

migration rates and retardation

46
Q

Metals have a large range in the migration rates and retardation. The magnitude of these mechanisms on metals migration and retardation will be a function of

A

solution chemistry

47
Q

Metals have a large range in the migration rates and retardation. The magnitude of these mechanisms on metals migration and retardation will be a function of solution chemistry, including

A

pH, oxygen concentration, and the concentrations of other chemicals in groundwater.

48
Q

Variations in the oxidation conditions in the aquifer can lead to

A

the precipitation or dissolution of hydrous ferric oxide from the aquifer matrix

49
Q

Variations in the oxidation conditions in the aquifer can lead to the precipitation or dissolution of hydrous ferric oxide from the aquifer matrix. Generally, dissolved iron will precipitate as

A

hydrous ferric oxide in the presence of oxygen in the aquifer

50
Q

Variations in the oxidation conditions in the aquifer can lead to the precipitation or dissolution of hydrous ferric oxide from the aquifer matrix. Generally, dissolved iron will precipitate as hydrous ferric oxide in the presence of oxygen in the aquifer, resulting in

A

depletion of dissolved metal mass from groundwater

51
Q

Variations in the oxidation conditions in the aquifer can lead to the precipitation or dissolution of hydrous ferric oxide from the aquifer matrix. Generally, dissolved iron will precipitate as hydrous ferric oxide in the presence of oxygen in the aquifer, resulting in depletion of dissolved metal mass from groundwater as the metal

A

adsorbs to the oxide surface

52
Q

Conversely, if reduced conditions are established in the aquifer (e.g., ………………………………………..)

A

as the result of the release of an organic-rich solution

53
Q

Conversely, if reduced conditions are established in the aquifer (e.g., as the result of the release of an organic-rich solution), hydrous ferric oxide may be

A

dissolved and the adsorbed metals will be released to groundwater.

54
Q

In general, sorption to organic matter and dissolution rates are important factors limiting

A

the mobility and transport of pesticides in groundwater

55
Q

In general, ………………………………………………………………… are important factors limiting the mobility and transport of pesticides in groundwater

A

sorption to organic matter and dissolution rates

56
Q

In general, sorption to organic matter and dissolution rates are important factors limiting the mobility and transport of pesticides in groundwater. Solubility and volatility tends to be

A

low for these chemicals

57
Q

In general, sorption to organic matter and dissolution rates are important factors limiting the mobility and transport of pesticides in groundwater. Solubility and volatility tends to be low for these chemicals, indicating that they are

A

not readily dissolved in groundwater

58
Q

In general, sorption to organic matter and dissolution rates are important factors limiting the mobility and transport of pesticides in groundwater. Solubility and volatility tends to be low for these chemicals, indicating that they are not readily dissolved in groundwater. Furthermore, the high retardation factors that characterize these chemicals highlight

A

the tendency for the migration of these chemicals to be greatly slowed by sorption reactions

59
Q

Estimated retardation factors indicate the

A

chemical migration rates for dissolved pesticides are 50 to 3,500 times slower than the rate of groundwater movement

Water resource management (13 decks)

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