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Water resource management > chapter 3 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tests on Illinois water gave ages of

A

50 to more than 100 years

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2
Q

Tests on Illinois water gave ages of 50 to more than 100 years. (Beyond 100 years, the tritium concentrations …………………………..)

A

could not be measured accurately

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3
Q

Tests on Illinois water gave ages of 50 to more than 100 years. (Beyond 100 years, the tritium concentrations could not be measured accurately.) These ages are generally in keeping with the …………………… when all the ……………………… in each area are considered

A

anticipated values

hydrologic factors

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4
Q

water must travel through …………………….. before becoming ground­water

A

various strata

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5
Q

water must travel through various strata before becoming ground­water. Below the surface it

A

moves first through the subsoil (the belt of soil water)

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6
Q

water must travel through various strata before becoming ground­water. Below the surface it moves first through the subsoil (the belt of soil water), ……………………………. , the ………………………… and finally into …………………

A

the intermediate layer,

the capillary fringe

and finally into the groundwater bed.

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7
Q

A

A
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8
Q

B

A
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9
Q

C

A
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10
Q

D

A
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11
Q

E

A
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12
Q

F

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13
Q

G

A
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14
Q

H

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15
Q

I

A
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16
Q

J

A
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17
Q

water must travel through various strata before becoming ground­water. Below the surface it moves first through the subsoil (the belt of soil water), the intermediate layer, the capillary fringe and finally into the groundwater bed.

These layers vary

A

in depth and are not too sharply defined

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18
Q

These layers vary in depth and are not too sharply defined. In fact, there is a ……………………. from one to another

A

gradual transition

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19
Q

These layers vary in depth and are not too sharply defined. In fact, there is a gradual transition from one to another until

A

the ground water level or zone of saturation is reached

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20
Q

These layers vary in depth and are not too sharply defined. In fact, there is a gradual transition from one to another until the ground water level or zone of saturation is reached

Even after water moves into the ………………………….. much of it may still return to the …………………..

A

topsoil and subsoil

atmosphere

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21
Q

Even after water moves into the topsoil and subsoil, much of it may still return to the atmosphere either through

A

evaporation or transpiration

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22
Q

Even after water moves into the topsoil and subsoil, much of it may still return to the atmosphere either through evaporation or transpiration. Water is held in the subsoil by

A

molecular attraction

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23
Q

Water is held in the subsoil by molecular attraction. It is only after

A

sufficient water has accumulated here that it begins to seep downward under the pull of gravity

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24
Q

It is only after sufficient water has accumulated here that it begins to seep downward under the pull of gravity. The subsoil may extend down

A

50 feet

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25
Q

It is only after sufficient water has accumulated here that it begins to seep downward under the pull of gravity. The subsoil may extend down 50 feet. It supplies the water needed for

A

the growth of vegetation

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26
Q

It is only after sufficient water has accumulated here that it begins to seep downward under the pull of gravity. The subsoil may extend down 50 feet. It supplies the water needed for the growth of vegetation. Consequently, it is extremely important to

A

farmers

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27
Q

Water in the intermediate belt is generally considered in

A

“dead storage.”

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28
Q

Water in the intermediate belt is generally considered in “dead storage.” To all intents and purposes it is

A

suspended and does not flow into wells

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29
Q

Water in the intermediate belt is generally considered in “dead storage.” To all intents and purposes it is suspended and does not flow into wells. This belt varies from a

A

hairsbreadth to several hundred feet.

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30
Q

Below lies the capillary fringe. The thickness of this capillary fringe depends on its

A

composition

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31
Q

Below lies the capillary fringe. The thickness of this capillary fringe depends on its composition. In silty materials it may extend down for

A

several feet

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32
Q

Below lies the capillary fringe. The thickness of this capillary fringe depends on its composition. In silty materials it may extend down for several feet. In coarse, gravelly materials it may go down

A

less than an inch

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33
Q

Below lies the capillary fringe. The thickness of this capillary fringe depends on its composition. In silty materials it may extend down for several feet. In coarse, gravelly materials it may go down less than an inch. Even in this capillary fringe, water will

A

still not enter well systems

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34
Q

Below lies the capillary fringe. The thickness of this capillary fringe depends on its composition. In silty materials it may extend down for several feet. In coarse, gravelly materials it may go down less than an inch. Even in this capillary fringe, water will still not enter well systems. It is only when it reaches the …………………………….. that it may be …………………….

A

zone of saturation

drawn back up to the surface by wells

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35
Q

Capillary action, where water

A

touches a solid

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36
Q

Capillary action, where water touches a solid, capillary action causes the water at that point to

A

rise higher than that portion of its surface not in contact with the solid

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37
Q

Capillary action is due to

A

adhesion, cohesion and surface tension

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38
Q

Capillary action is due to adhesion, cohesion and surface tension. Capillarity is one of the causes of water’s

A

rising in the sail as in the capillary fringe

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39
Q

This zone of saturation forms a huge

A

natural reservoir

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40
Q

This zone of saturation forms a huge natural reservoir that feeds

A

springs and streams in addition to our wells.

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41
Q

This zone of saturation forms a huge natural reservoir that feeds springs and streams in addition to our wells. Its thickness varies from

A

two to hundreds of feet

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42
Q

This zone of saturation forms a huge natural reservoir that feeds springs and streams in addition to our wells. Its thickness varies from two to hundreds of feet, depending on

A

local geologic conditions

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43
Q

In general, the contours of the water table parallel

A

the surface contours

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44
Q

In general, the contours of the water table parallel the surface contours. However, the water table goes deeper

A

under high elevations and rises nearer to the surface under lower elevations

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45
Q

At ………………………………., the surface and water table elevations coincide

A

springs and flowing streams

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46
Q

Groundwater is abstracted from

A

beneath the earth’s surface

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47
Q

Groundwater is abstracted from beneath the earth’s surface using methods similar to the

A

oil industry

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48
Q

Wells are drilled into

A

aquifers and pumps

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49
Q

Wells are drilled into aquifers and pumps are used to bring

A

groundwater to the surface

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50
Q

In some cases groundwater may naturally flow

A

out of a well

51
Q

In some cases groundwater may naturally flow out of a well, which is known as

A

artesian flow

52
Q

The existence of artesian flow is not necessarily an indication of

A

high well or aquifer yield

53
Q

The existence of artesian flow is not necessarily an indication of high well or aquifer yield.

It is a physical phenomenon reflecting ……………….

A

aquifer conditions

54
Q

It is a physical phenomenon reflecting aquifer conditions whereby groundwater is

A

trapped below an impermeable layer

55
Q

It is a physical phenomenon reflecting aquifer conditions whereby groundwater is trapped below an impermeable layer, in conjunction with

A

recharge at a higher level

56
Q

It is a physical phenomenon reflecting aquifer conditions whereby groundwater is trapped below an impermeable layer, in conjunction with recharge at a higher level. Alternatively it can be caused when

A

groundwater intercepts very impermeable material or a boundary

57
Q

It is a physical phenomenon reflecting aquifer conditions whereby groundwater is trapped below an impermeable layer, in conjunction with recharge at a higher level. Alternatively it can be caused when groundwater intercepts very impermeable material or a boundary, forcing flow to

A

the surface

58
Q

The first challenge for someone looking to use groundwater is to

A

locate a viable source

59
Q

The first challenge for someone looking to use groundwater is to locate a viable source, particularly if

A

large quantities are required such as for crop irrigation

60
Q

The first challenge for someone looking to use groundwater is to locate a viable source, particularly if large quantities are required such as for crop irrigation. Domestic supplies are more widely available because

A

only smaller volumes are needed

61
Q

Domestic supplies are more widely available because only smaller volumes are needed, which can often be

A

pumped at low rates to storage tanks

62
Q

The subsurface mapping of geological formations and the location of old stream channels can help

A

build a picture of how an area has been formed and where groundwater may be found

63
Q

…………………………………………………. and ……………………………………….. can help build a picture of how an area has been formed and where groundwater may be found

A

The subsurface mapping of geological formations and the location of old stream channels

64
Q

The most frequently used and reliable descriptor of underground strata and groundwater are

A

drilling contractor’s records commonly referred to as well logs

65
Q

The most frequently used and reliable descriptor of underground strata and groundwater are drilling contractor’s records commonly referred to as well logs. Well logs describe the

A

material that was encountered during drilling

66
Q

The most frequently used and reliable descriptor of underground strata and groundwater are drilling contractor’s records commonly referred to as well logs. Well logs describe the material that was encountered during drilling and general details such as

A

yield information and physical dimensions

67
Q

The most frequently used and reliable descriptor of underground strata and groundwater are drilling contractor’s records commonly referred to as well logs. Well logs describe the material that was encountered during drilling and general details such as yield information and physical dimensions. The well logs also show

A

the results of the test pump

68
Q

Locating groundwater is a

A

science and an art

69
Q

Locating groundwater is a science and an art. It requires a basic knowledge of ………………….., as well as, ……………………… and ……………….

A

hydrogeology, as well as, observation and inquiry

70
Q

As mentioned early, groundwater flows from

A

a recharge area to a discharge point

71
Q

As mentioned early, groundwater flows from a recharge area to a discharge point. Generally, the discharge point is at a

A

lower elevation than the recharge area

72
Q

As mentioned early, groundwater flows from a recharge area to a discharge point. Generally, the discharge point is at a lower elevation than the recharge area. So, groundwater generally flows from a

A

higher elevation to a lower elevation

73
Q

Discharge points may be a

A

spring or the bed of a river or stream

74
Q

Discharge points may be a spring or the bed of a river or stream. Groundwater may also discharge along

A

the shore of a lake or beneath a lake or ocean

75
Q

Discharge points may be a spring or the bed of a river or stream. Groundwater may also discharge along the shore of a lake or beneath a lake or ocean. So, we may find groundwater closer to

A

the surface if we drill near streams, rivers or lakes

76
Q

Groundwater generally follows the

A

contours of the surface of the ground

77
Q

Groundwater generally follows the contours of the surface of the ground. We may be more successful locating groundwater if we

A

drill a well at the bottom of a low point

78
Q

Groundwater generally follows the contours of the surface of the ground. We may be more successful locating groundwater if we drill a well at the bottom of a low point, such as a ………….. rather than

A

such as a ravine, rather than at the top of a mountain

79
Q

Groundwater generally follows the contours of the surface of the ground. We may be more successful locating groundwater if we drill a well at the bottom of a low point, such as a ravine, rather than at the top of a mountain.

Generally we want to look at the lower elevations of the

A

surrounding topography, like in valleys, basins, or ravines, and also near rivers, streams, lakes, or ponds.

80
Q

Geophysical methods of locating groundwater are technological ways of determining conditions below the ground surface without actually

A

drilling a hole

81
Q

Each of these geophysical techniques measures a specific

A

physical property of the rock or sediment

82
Q

Each of these geophysical techniques measures a specific physical property of the rock or sediment such as the

A

earth’s electrical resistance, electrical conductance, density, and magnetic properties

83
Q

Each of these geophysical techniques measures a specific physical property of the rock or sediment such as the earth’s electrical resistance, electrical conductance, density, and magnetic properties. Changes in these properties can be related to

A

changes in the type of sediment or rock, potential for aquifers, and in some cases groundwater quality.

84
Q

However, each of these geophysical methods has

A

limitations

85
Q

However, each of these geophysical methods has limitations. These techniques cannot, by themselves, determine the

A

presence and location of an aquifer

86
Q

However, each of these geophysical methods has limitations. These techniques cannot, by themselves, determine the presence and location of an aquifer. Data developed by geophysical methods must be compared with

A

nearby known geology to be accurately interpreted.

87
Q

Electrical Resistivity

A

A resistivity survey measures the electrical resistance to a current induced into the ground

88
Q

The ………………………….. or …………… depends on many factors

A

electrical resistance of sediment

rock

89
Q

The electrical resistance of sediment or rock depends on many factors such as

A

particle size, porosity, density, mineral and chemical composition, and moisture level

90
Q

The electrical resistivity of a particular formation depends on many factors and these have been discussed in detail earlier. Generally fine grained material such

A

clays or silts

91
Q

The electrical resistivity of a particular formation depends on many factors and these have been discussed in detail earlier. Generally fine grained material such as clays or silts have

A

low resistivity

92
Q

The electrical resistivity of a particular formation depends on many factors and these have been discussed in detail earlier. Generally fine grained material such as clays or silts have low resistivity, whereas ……………………………. have high resistivity

A

sands or gravels

93
Q

Dry formations have ……………… resistivity compared to

A

high

material lying beneath the water table

94
Q

Water quality also affects

A

affects resistivity with saline water or water with higher concentrations of dissolved minerals having relatively low resistivity

95
Q

Water contained within clay units is generally

A

highly mineralised

96
Q

Water contained within clay units is generally highly mineralised, which contributes to its

A

low resistivity

97
Q

It involves inducing a known electrical current into the ground via

A

two electrodes

98
Q

It involves inducing a known electrical current into the ground via two electrodes, and evaluating the

A

resistivity of the ground material based on the measured potential difference in two other electrodes

99
Q

Electric resistivity is a relatively

A

cheap method

100
Q

Electric resistivity is a relatively cheap method and suited to

A

the gravel type aquifers

101
Q

Electric resistivity is a relatively cheap method and suited to the gravel type aquifers, although the results it provides are a

A

simplification of nature

102
Q

Earth resistivity is the

A

resistance of rock or soil to the passage of electric current

103
Q

A

A
104
Q

B

A
105
Q

C

A
106
Q

D

A
107
Q

The following represents

A

electrical resistivity method

108
Q

Electrical resistivity method

The method relies on different rock types having different

A

resistivity values

109
Q

The method relies on different rock types having different resistivity values depending on their

A

density, porosity, water content and the quality of the water

110
Q

The method relies on different rock types having different resistivity values depending on their density, porosity, water content and the quality of the water.

Thus the resistivity values are directly related to

A

the physical properties of the medium

111
Q

Thus the resistivity values are directly related to the physical properties of the medium. Therefore this method is good for assessing the

A

bulk properties of different layers below the surface.

112
Q

Clay minerals and water are good conductors of

A

current and exhibit low resistivity values

113
Q

Clay minerals and water are good conductors of current and exhibit low resistivity values, whereas air is a

A

poor conductor

114
Q

Clay minerals and water are good conductors of current and exhibit low resistivity values, whereas air is a poor conductor. If the pores are filled with water, the formation will be

A

least resistive

115
Q

Clay minerals and water are good conductors of current and exhibit low resistivity values, whereas air is a poor conductor. If the pores are filled with water, the formation will be least resistive, particularly if it contains

A

saline groundwater

116
Q

If the pores are filled with water, the formation will be least resistive, particularly if it contains saline groundwater. If the gravels are dry or empty they will be

A

very resistive

117
Q

If the gravels are dry or empty they will be very resistive, but will be slightly less resistive if there is

A

a silt or clay matrix

118
Q

If the gravels are dry or empty they will be very resistive, but will be slightly less resistive if there is a silt or clay matrix. An interpretation of resistivity soundings provide an indication of

A

the sub-surface sediments and the associated groundwater characteristics

119
Q

. An interpretation of resistivity soundings provide an indication of the sub-surface sediments and the associated groundwater characteristics. However, it isn’t a …………………., and relies on a ……………………………….

A

direct measure

high degree of interpretation

120
Q

Seismic Refraction

A

A seismic refraction survey measures how fast a “shockwave” travels through the ground

121
Q

Because the waves travel at …………………… speeds

A

different

122
Q

Because the waves travel at different speeds depending upon the

A

the density of the material they pass through, the timing of their arrival at the geophone

123
Q

Because the waves travel at different speeds depending upon the density of the material they pass through, the timing of their arrival at the geophone can be interpreted to reveal something about the

A

density of materials at different depths.

Water resource management (13 decks)

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