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Biology Unit 3 > Lecture Notes- Darwin and other big ideas > Flashcards

Lecture Notes- Darwin and other big ideas Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in genetic composition of populations over time

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2
Q

Change in genetic composition of populations over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

Evolutionary change is observed in (blank)

A

Lab experiments, natural populations, and fossil record

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4
Q

Genetic changes drive (blank)

A

origin and extinction of species and the diversification of life

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5
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

Understanding of the mechanisms of evolutionary change

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6
Q

Ways to apply evolutionary theory:

A
  • understanding and treating diseases
  • understanding the diversification of life and how species interact
  • developing better agricultural crops and industrial processes
  • predictions about bio world
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7
Q

What supports the factual basis of evolution?

A

a vast array of geological, morphological, and molecular data

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8
Q

What was Charles Darwin on for 5 years?

A

HMS Beagle

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9
Q

study of organisms in environment

A

natural history

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10
Q

Darwin’s Galapagos islands observations

A

species were similar to, but not the same as, species on the mainland of South America and that species varied island to island

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11
Q

After observing the Galapagos islands, what were Darwins initial thoughts?

A

species reached islands form mainland but underwent different changes on different islands

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12
Q

3 tenants of Darwin’s evolutionary theory:

A
  • species change over time
  • Divergent species share a common ancestor, and species have diverged gradually over time (descent with modification)
  • mechanism produces change is natural selection
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13
Q

Natural selection

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on variation in their traits

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14
Q

What did Darwin publish? When?

A

“Origin of Species”- 1859

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15
Q

Origin of Species

A

-provided EXHAUSTIVE evidence from many fields supporting both the premise of evolution itself and the role of natural selection as a mechanism of evolution

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16
Q

Genetic variation contributes to (blank)

A

phenotypic variation

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17
Q

In order for a population to evolve, members must possess (blank)

A

heritable genetic variation

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18
Q

different forms of genes

A

alleles

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19
Q

alleles exist at

A

locus

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20
Q

sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population

A

gene pool

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21
Q

How do scientists date ancient events?

A

geological time scale

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22
Q

Mechanisms of evolution

A
  • mutation
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
  • nonrandom mating
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23
Q

mutation adds (blank) to the gene pool

A

new alleles

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24
Q

gene pool

A

all genes in population that make up genotype

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25
Q

proportion of an allele in the gene pool

A

allele frequency

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26
Q

proportion of each geneotype in the population

A

genotype frequency

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27
Q

calculation of allele and genotype frequencies is used to measure

A

evolutionary change

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28
Q

purposeful selection of specific phenotypes by humans

A

artificial selection

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29
Q

example of artificial selection

A

wild mustard plant

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30
Q

Darwin observed what in domesticated plants and animals, specifically what animal?

A

artificial selection-pigeon

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31
Q

artificial selection reveals (blank)

A

genetic variation

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32
Q

natural selection is also known as

A

survival of the fittest

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33
Q

trait that increases the chance that a given individual will survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of the trait in the next generation

A

adaptation

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34
Q

aquisition of trait that allows for better survival and reproduction in environment

A

adaptation

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35
Q

natural selection removes

A

deleterious mutations

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36
Q

selection for beneficial changes

A

positive selection

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37
Q

selection against deleterious changes

A

purifying selection

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38
Q

result of the migration of individuals and movement of gametes between populations

A

gene flow

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39
Q

movement of one population group into another

A

gene flow

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40
Q

example of gene flow

A

new genes into gene pool (pop)

humans expanded their range into range of Neanderthals

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41
Q

results from random changes in allele frequencies

A

genetic drift

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42
Q

harmful alleles may increase in (blank) and rare advantageous alleles may be (blank)

A

alleles, lost

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43
Q

in large populations, genetic drift can influence frequencies of alleles that (blank)

A

do not affect survival and reproduction

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44
Q

in small populations, genetic drift can be

A

significant

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45
Q

population bottleneck

A

survival by a few

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46
Q

environmental conditions result in survival of only a few individuals

A

population bottleneck

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47
Q

genetic drift can reduce (blank) in population

A

genetic variation

48
Q

population bottleneck example

A

hunting and habitat destruction leads to decrease in prairie chicken

49
Q

colonizing population is unlikely to have all the alleles present in whole population

A

founder effect

50
Q

occurs when individuals choose mates with particular phenotypes

A

nonrandom mating

51
Q

plant example of nonrandom mating

A

self-fertilization

52
Q

if individuals choose the same genotype as themselves, (blank) will increase

A

homozygote frequencies

53
Q

form of nonrandom mating that favors traits that increase in the chances of reproduction (not survival)

A

sexual selection

54
Q

example of sexual selection

A

traits such as bright colors or long tails may improve ability to compete for mates or to be more attractive to the opposite sex

55
Q

Sexual selection favors reproduction, but can (blank)

A

harm survival

56
Q

Sexual selection may favor traits that enhance an individual’s chances of reproduction but (blank)

A

reduce its chances of survival

57
Q

Example of sexual selection improving reproduction

A

frogs call being signal of survival

58
Q

mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence that effects allele

59
Q

gene flow

A

gene from 1 pop to another

60
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in allele within population

61
Q

nonrandom mating

A

having preference and driven by sexual selection

62
Q

5 mechanisms of evolution

A 
natural selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift
nonrandom mating
63
Q

Evolutionary change can be measured by (blank)

A

allele and genotype frequencies

64
Q

allele frequency equation

A

p = number of copies of the allele in the population / total number of copies of all alleles in population

65
Q

If there is only one allele at a locus, its frequency = (blank) and the population is monomorphic at that locus meaning the allele is (blank)

A

1

fixed

66
Q

p + q =

A

1

67
Q

q =

A

1-p

68
Q

allele frequencies at each locus and genotype frequencies

A

genetic structure

69
Q

measure the amount of genetic variation in a population

A

allele frequencies

70
Q

show how a population’s genetic variation is distributed among its members

A

genotype frequencies

71
Q

How genetic structure of a population changes over time is (blank)

A

a measure of evolutionary change

72
Q

If (blank) occurs, the genetic structure of a population does not change over time

A

certain conditions are met

73
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

describes a model situation in which allele frequencies do not change

74
Q

Genotype frequencies can be predicted from (blank)

A

allele frequencies

75
Q

Conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A
  • no mutation
  • no selection among genotypes
  • no gene flow
  • population size is infinite (no genetic drift)
  • mating is random
76
Q

If conditions of Hardy-Weiberg occur…

A

-allele frequencies remain constant
-after one generation, genotype frequencies occur in these proportions
AA, Aa, aa
p2 +2pq +q2 = 1

77
Q

Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg show (blank)

A

occurrences of evolution

78
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg useful for?

A

-predicting genotype frequencies from allele frequencies

79
Q

Why is Hardy-Weinberg important?

A

patterns of deviation from the model help identify mechanisms of evolutionary change

80
Q

Natural selection acts directly on (blank)

A

phenotypes

81
Q

Reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations relative to other phenotypes is called

A

fitness

82
Q

(blank) of different phenotypes leads to change in allele frequencies

A

only changes in relative success

83
Q

fitness of a phenotype is determined by he (blank) of survival and reproduction of individuals with that phenotype

A

relative rates

84
Q

Quantitative traits show (blank)

A

continuous variation

85
Q

many traits are influenced by alleles at more than one locus and show (blank) variation

A

quantitative

86
Q

Distribution of body size in a population is likely to resemble a (blank)

A

bell-shaped curve

87
Q

Natural selection can act on traits with quantitative variation in 3 ways:

A
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Directional selection
  • Disruptive selection
88
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

preserves average phenotype

89
Q

Directional selection

A

favors individuals that vary in one direction

90
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favors individuals that vary in both directions from the mean

91
Q

Stabilizing selection- graph

A

reduces variation, does not change mean

92
Q

Directional selection- graph

A

individuals at one extreme; more successful

increase in allele frequencies for favored phenotype

93
Q

Example of stabilizing selection

A

birth weight

94
Q

Example of directional selection

A

Texas longhorn cattle

95
Q

Example of disruptive selection

A

black bellied seed cracker birds (bill size)

96
Q

Disruptive selection- graph

A

individuals at either extreme more successful than average ones; increases variation in population
-not centered on mean

97
Q

an allele that does not affect fitness

A

neutral allele

98
Q

which alleles tend to accumulate in a population?

A

neutral alleles

99
Q

Molecular techniques

A

identify neutral alleles

study divergence of pops and species

100
Q

Sexual recombination amplifies the (blank)

A

number of possible genotypes

101
Q

Sexual reproduction results in (blank) through the combination of gametes, crossing over, and independent assortment

A

new combinations of genes

102
Q

Sexual recombination produces (blank) that increases (blank)

A

genetic variety

evolutionary potential

103
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • recombination can break up adaptive gene combinations
  • rate at which females pass genes to offspring is reduced
  • dividing offspring into genders reduces overall reproductive rate
104
Q

Key advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • facilitates repair of damaged DNA
  • permits elimination of deleterious mutations
  • Sexual recombination generates new combinations of alleles on which natural selection can act
105
Q

a polymorphism can be maintained when fitness depends on its frequency in the population

A

frequency-dependent selection

106
Q

example of frequency-dependent morphism

A

fish with right vs let leaning jaws eating scales off predators

107
Q

Environmental variation helps (blank)

A

preserve genetic variation

108
Q

Example of environmental variation preserving genetic variation

A

butterflies live in environment with temp extremes; pop polymorphic for enzyme that influences flight at different temperatures; heterozygotes favoredbecause they can fly over a larger temp range

109
Q

enzyme that influences flight at different temperatures

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

110
Q

Genetic variation within species is maintained in (blank)

A

geographically distinct populations

111
Q

Plant species may vary geographically in the chemicals they synthesize for defense- example

A

populations of white clover produce cyanide and therefore are found in areas that are not frozen often
Europe- clinical variation

112
Q

Difficulties of theory of evolution

A
  • absense or rarity of transnational varieties
  • organs o extreme perfection (eyes)
  • instinct
113
Q

Evidence for a common ancestor

A
  • morphology
  • embryology
  • rudimentary organs
114
Q

Morphology

A

homology exists across life

115
Q

Embrology

A

similarity between embryos early in development

Biology Unit 3 (5 decks)

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