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Lecture Notes 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Field of study that deals with behavior, thoughts, and emotions of individuals as they go through various parts of the lifespan

A

What is Developmental Psychology?

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2
Q

Scientific studies of observable events that are measured and evaluated objectively

A

Empirical research

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3
Q

A process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.

A

What are case studies?

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4
Q

3 facts about case studies:

A

1.Observable in nature
2.Not a test or an experiment
3.Documented cases of individuals

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5
Q

___________ is heavily influenced by Biology

A

Developmental Psychology

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6
Q

A specialized nerve cell that transmits information throughout the nervous system known as the building block of the brain.

A

Neuron

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7
Q

How much does the brain weight

A

3-3.5 lbs

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8
Q

How many neurons are in the brain ?

A

100 billion

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9
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the neuron ?

A

1.Dendrites
2.Cell Body
3.Axon
4.Synapse/ Presynaptic terminals

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10
Q

A chemical message that acts on the membrane of the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

A

What are neurotransmitters?

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11
Q

The brain is composed of two halves. What are they?

A

The right and left hemisphere.

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12
Q

What are the 4 sections of cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
    2.Parietal Lobe
    3.Occipital Lobe
    4.Temporal Lobe
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13
Q

thin gray moist material densely packed with cell bodies of neurons. This is where human thought, sensation, language processes, and other cognitive functions take place.

A

Cerebral Cortex

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14
Q

What is the first layer of the hemispheres ?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe is responsible for :

A
  1. Impulse control
  2. Judgment
  3. Problem solving
  4. Controlling and executing behavior
  5. Complex organization.
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16
Q

Temporal Lobe is responsible for

A

1.Auditory signals such as hearing
2. High level auditory processing such as speech
3. Face recognition

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17
Q

___________Integrates sensory information from various senses, is responsible for manipulation of objects and visual-spatial processing

A

Parietal Lobes

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe is involved in

A
  1. Visual processing
  2. Receives information originating from the retina.
  3. Processes information and passes it to relevant areas
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19
Q

Cell body contains

A

Nucleus and organelles

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20
Q

_______ receive impulses as signals

A

Dendrites

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21
Q

________ carries impulses as signals.

A

Axons

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22
Q

What does the axon terminal do?

A

converts electrical impulses to chemical signals

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23
Q

A genetic or biologically determined process of growth that unfolds over a period of time.

A

What is maturations?

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24
Q

Changes that take place within individuals as we progress from birth to emerging adulthood (18 years).

A

Child development

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25
Q

Why would it be important to study child development?

A

1.Protect and advance the well being of children
2.Research findings lead to helpful advice in our interaction with children
3.Understanding the influence of poverty
4.Understand how violent programs impact children
5.Better determine if child is having a developmental difficulty and able to treat that child.
6.Better understand the process of maturation
7. Creating effective day care programs

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26
Q
  1. The regular age related changes in children’s cognition over time.
  2. Individual differences each child experiences in such cognition
  3. This is also called developmental function.
A

Cognitive Development

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27
Q

the process or faculties by which knowledge is acquired and manipulated

A

Cognition

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28
Q

What are some cognition functions?

A

1.Acquisition and manipulation of knowledge
2. Conscious, effortful processes such as those involved in making decisions
3.Automatic processes such as those involved in recognizing a familiar face, word, or object
4.Mental activity of all types such as acquiring, understanding, and modifying information

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29
Q

What are some automatic processes?

A

1.Reading and understanding words in your native language.
2.Recognizing the faces of familiar people.
3.Performing routine motor tasks like walking or tying shoelaces.

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30
Q

A type of thinking or cognition that does not involve any effort or deliberation

A

Automatic processing

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31
Q

Developing a plan for solving a problem —Executing that plan—understanding that plan—make changes if needed are all _____________ functions

A

Cognitive

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32
Q

Changes in structure and function over time

A

Development

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33
Q
  1. Because it has it roots in biology
  2. Consistent physical and mental changes that happen to most humans in all cultures.
  3. Development is progressive Development is relatively …
A

Predictable

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34
Q

Part of the person that develops.

A

Structure

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35
Q

What are some examples of structure?

A

Muscle , nervous tissue and mental knowledge

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36
Q

When we discuss ________ we must also discuss ___________

A

1.Structure
2.Function

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37
Q

What is functions as it relates to structure ?

A

Function is the action related to a structure

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38
Q

Movement of a muscle, firing of a nerve or activation of mental representation are examples of __________

A

Function

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39
Q

As a child develops what might be some risks to healthy child development?

A
  1. Serious Illness
    2.Living with a psychotic parent
    3.Family Income
    4.Substance Abuse
    5.Abuse
    6.Child’s experience at school
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40
Q

Various issues and problems that may show up later in development.

A

What are sleeper effects?

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41
Q

The sleeper effect was discovered by _________ , ____________ and ___________ in 1949

A

1.Carl Hovland,
2.Arthur Lumsdaine
3. Fred Sheffield

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42
Q

Thomas Hobbes followed the concept of ___________.

A

Materialism

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43
Q

The concept that all human behavior can be understood by physical processes.

A

What is materialism?

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44
Q

Thomas Hobbes published a book called _________________.

A

Leviathan

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45
Q

Specific parts of the brain serve specific functions in the production of mental experience and behavior

A

What is localization of function in the brain?

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46
Q

Empiricism says that human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from

A

sensory experience
(vision, hearing, touch, and so forth)

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47
Q
  1. We are like machines that learn and our senses provide the input .
  2. Our senses allow us to acquire knowledge about the world around us
A

Empiricism

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48
Q
  1. If a person experiences two or more environmental events (stimuli or sensations) at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously)
  2. these 2 or more events will become associated (bound together) in the person’s mind.
A

Law of Association by Continuity

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49
Q
  1. It says that knowledge and rules are native to the human mind, inborn and do not have to be acquired through experience
  2. A “Priori Knowledge” it is called. It is a term that describe it
  3. It is used to describe knowledge that is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned
A

What is nativism?

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50
Q

In terms of _________________- the idea translate into behavior and that living things have acquired tendencies to behave in ways that promote their survival and reproduction

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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51
Q

1.Tries to explain mental experiences and behavior
2. Identify the causes for behavior

A

Scope of Psychology

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52
Q

What are some questions that psychologist must answer?

A
  1. What causes us to do what we do?
  2. What causes us to feel what we feel ?
  3. What causes us to perceive what we perceive ?
  4. What causes us to believe what we believe ?
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53
Q

Neural level

A

Brain as the cause

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54
Q

Give an example of neural level

A

A traumatic brain injury as the reason why someone loses their memory

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55
Q

Genetic level

A

Genes as the cause

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56
Q

Give an example of genetic level

A

A genetic difference that causes a change in behavior that is different than the norm

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57
Q

Refers to the level or type of causal process that is studied.

A

Define levels of analysis

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58
Q

Evolutionary level

A

Natural selection as the cause

59
Q

Give an example of evolutionary level

A

Survival of the fittest

Protecting ones own child in a dangerous situation

60
Q

Individual’s prior experiences with the environment as the cause is the _______ level

A

Learning level

61
Q

Give an example of learning level:

A

Going to school to learn how to read or how to behave in society

62
Q

The individuals knowledge and beliefs as a cause

A

Cognitive level

63
Q

Having a phobia or belief that a dog is very dangerous will cause
you to avoid dogs when you see them is an example of the _______ level

A

Cognitive level

64
Q

The Influence of other people as a cause is the ________ Level

A

Social level

65
Q

Give an example of social level:

A

A friend influencing you to arrive to class late

66
Q

Cultural level

A

The culture in which the person develops as the cause

67
Q

Cultural level Example:

A

The way you perceive the world as influenced by your culture

68
Q

Age related changes as a cause is _______ level

A

Developmental Level

69
Q

Developmental level example:

A

Menopause and its effect on mental health, puberty

70
Q

Chemical function as cause is ______ level

A

Physiological Level

71
Q

An objective statement based on direct observation, thats reasonable

A

Define Fact:

72
Q

Physiological Level is also know as:

A

Chemical functions

73
Q

An idea of conceptual model that is designated to explain existing facts and make predictions about new facts that may be discovered.

A

Theory

74
Q

A prediction about new facts that is made from a theory.

A

Hypothesis

75
Q

What make something a fact ?

A
  1. Observers agree is true
76
Q

Facts lead to theories which lead to hypotheses which are tested by research studies or experiments is define as :

A

Cycle of science

77
Q

What is fact also known as ?

A

An observation

78
Q

Anything that can vary or change

A

Variable

79
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable

Researcher has control over

80
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is hypothesized to be affected

81
Q

People or animals studied

A

Subjects

82
Q

The different conditions of the independent variable are applied to each subject

A

Within subject experiment

83
Q

Give an example of variables:

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Noise
  3. Measure of behavior (score on test)
84
Q

Between Groups experiment =

A

the different conditions are applied across the different groups of subjects

85
Q

Aim is to describe behavior of an individual or group without systematically investigating relationships between specific variables.

A

Descriptive study

86
Q

Give an example of independent variable vs dependent variable:

A

Independent variable: Placebo , high doses of medication, low doses of medication

Dependent variable: Blood pressure is lowered , no changes in blood pressure, blood pressure rises

87
Q

Correlational and descriptive studies done on a …

A

Field study

88
Q

Examples of a field study include:

A

1.Shopping malls
2. School
3. Peoples homes
4. Work places
5. Prisons
6. Hospitals

89
Q

Research study where subjects are bought to a specially designated area that has been setup to facilitate the researchers collection of data or control over environmental conditions

A

Define Laboratory study:

90
Q

Any research study done in a setting other than in a laboratory

A

Field study

91
Q

What are the advantages or disadvantages of field studies?

A

Advantage: Natural environment
Disadvantage: Less control

92
Q

What are the advantages or disadvantages of laboratory studies?

A

Advantage: Greater control
Disadvantage: Artificial environment

93
Q

Data collection methods include:

A

1.Self report methods
2. Observational method
3. Naturalistic obsevation
4. Tests

94
Q

Observe and recording the behavior of interest

A

Observational method

95
Q

Researcher avoids interfering with the subjects behavior

A

Naturalistic obsevation

96
Q

Give an example of a self report method:

A

People are asked to rate or describe their own behaviors or mental state in some way .

97
Q

Researcher presents stimuli or problems to which the subject responds is an example of a ______

A

Tests

98
Q

Give an example of test :

A

 Reaction time test
 Maze for animals

99
Q

What is a gene ?

A

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

100
Q

Name some facts about genes ?

A

1.They are replicated and passed along from parents to offspring
2.They cause the offspring’s resemblance to parents
3.Individuals vary because of the different and various genes inherited
4.Genes provide the codes for building proteins
5.Genes can also affect behavioral traits
6. Genes are made up of DNA.
7. Many genes do not code for proteins.

101
Q

What is a genotype?

A

It is a set of genes that an individual inherits.

102
Q

Refers to the properties of the body and behavioral traits.

A

What is a phenotype ?

103
Q

Some genes can have different effects, depending on the:

A
  1. Environment.
    2.It could be different learning experiences.
104
Q

Two individual with the same __________can be quite different in _________ as a result of ________.

A
  1. Genotype
  2. Phenostype
  3. differences in environment.
105
Q

The mating of individuals that lie toward the desired extreme on the measure in question.

A

What is selective breeding?

106
Q

Why would someone want to do selective breeding ?

A
  1. To produce better strains of living things. (The term better being biased toward what that person or even culture considers better)
  2. Dog breeding.
107
Q

Darwin felt like it was something that occurred naturally and artificially.He referred to it as artificial selection

A

Selective breeding

108
Q

Selective breeding in nature is called

A

natural selection

109
Q

The genetic variability on which natural selections acts has two main sources. What are they ?

A

1) the reshuffling of genes that occurs in sexual reproduction

2) mutations

110
Q

Errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication causing the replica to be not quite identical to the original

A

What are mutations?

111
Q

Are mutations helpful or harmful?

A

Mutations can be both helpful and harmful but most often they are harmful

112
Q
  1. Any process through which experience at one time can alter an individuals behavior at a future time.
    2.The behavior can be physical and overt, or it can be intellectual or attitudinal
A

What is Learning ?

113
Q

Arrival of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to recur.

A

Positive Reinforcement

114
Q

Give an example of positive reinforcement:

A

1.Words of praise
2. Gifts prize reward
3. Food
4. Money
5. Promotion
6. Or anything organisms will work to obtain

115
Q

It is a learning process that has to do with the formation of new reflexes

A

What is classical conditioning?

116
Q

Simple, Relatively automatic stimulus response mediated by the nervous system.

A

Reflex

117
Q

Simple effect of learning on the reflexes. It is a decline in the magnitude of the reflexive response when the stimulus is repeated several times in succession

A

Habituation

118
Q

the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced.

A

Define Extinction:

119
Q

Things to remember about Biology:

A
  1. Common changes that occur at common times is because of Biology
  2. Biology is known as a universal. It stands apart from culture.
120
Q

__________Psychologists Explain peoples beliefs and social behaviors in terms of past experiences

A

Social Psychologists

121
Q

_________ Psychologist explain people’s emotional problems in terms of their past experiences

A

Clinical psychologist

122
Q

________ Psychologists Try to understand the basic processes of Perception, Memory and Thought that are involved in people’s ability to learn.

A

Cognitive Psychologist

123
Q

What is an example of habituation ?

A

Example you hear a loud sound and jump. You release there is no danger (just a construction crew outside). You keep hearing the loud sound but no longer are jumping and even eventually tune out the loud sound.

124
Q

__________conducted an experiment with dogs and salivation

A

Ivan pavlov?

125
Q

Give an example of extinction:

A

You would stop providing food each time you ring the bell. The Dog would eventually stop salivating to the bell.

126
Q

________demonstrated that a new stimulus response connection can be learned

A

Ivan Pavlov

127
Q

Learning process by which the effect or consequence effects the future rate of production of that response

A

Operant conditioning

128
Q

Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation. Responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

A

Define The Law of effect by Edward Lee Thorndike:

129
Q

Psychologist B.F. Skinner did this experiment:

A

 Skinner Box ex. Mouse and lever.

He placed a mouse in a box with a lever inside so the animal can touch. Every time the mouse touched the lever the mouse would receive food.

130
Q

A stimulus change that occurs after a response that increases the subsequent frequency of that response

A

Reinforcer

131
Q

Removal of some stimulus following a response makes the response more likely to recur.

A

Negative Reinforcement

132
Q

Give examples of negative reinforcement:

A

1.Ex.taking away rights
2.Jail
3.Taking away a Cell phone

133
Q

Arrival of stimulus decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again.

A

Positive Punishment

134
Q

Give an example of positive punishment:

A

1.Electric shock for a rat
2.Scolding of a person

135
Q

Removal of a stimulus decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again.

A

Negative Punishment

136
Q

Give an example of negative punishment:

A
  1. Taking away food from a hungry rat
  2. Taking away money from a person
137
Q

Learning by watching others

A

Observational Learning:

138
Q

Who pioneered the idea of observational learning in humans ?

A

Albert bandura

139
Q

Investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them.

A

Define Correlational studies:

140
Q

Give an example of a sleeper effect:

A
  1. Young children of divorced parents, who show no signs of mental stress or trauma as a result of the divorce, often exhibit difficulties regarding relationships, trust, and intimacy during early adulthood.
141
Q

Give an example of how pavlov work influences psychology:

A
  • Example: Phobias are a intense fear to a specific object
  • We will use an airplane for example, Some people associate Airplane with death
  • The therapist could help the person begin to associate Airplane with relaxation instead. The therapist might play relaxing music in the background while he instructs patient to imagine being on an airplane. The idea is to make a new association.
They could use Cognitive behavioral therapy to get rid of the fear and phobia. The concept is based on classical conditioning.
142
Q

Differences between punishment and reinforcement

A

Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement

143
Q

__________ pioneered the idea of observational learning in humans
 People observe others to _______________
 When you enter a new situation you ____________before doing much yourself.

A

1Albert bandura
2. learn general modes of styles of behaving
4. observe what others are doing

144
Q
  • Conditioned Response=
  • Unconditioned Response=
A

1.The Learned Response
2. The Original unlearned response

Child Psychology (5 decks)

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