Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 > Lecture Mod 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Mod 1 Flashcards

Endocrine, Lymphatic and Immune

1
Q

Direct Communication

A

Gap junctions allow for small molecule and ion transfer directly between cells. Small solutes and ions go directly between cells.
found between cardiac muscles and intercalated discs. Helps coordinated heart beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Autocrine Communication

A

A signaling molecule affects the same type of cell that is secreted in the same tissue. Close range; self-stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine Communication

A

A signaling molecule is secreted into the blood stream and acts on a distant target/organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paracrine Communication

A

A signaling molecule affects a cell type differently from one secreted in the same tissue. Short distance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Synaptic Communication

A

A signaling molecule stimulates a cell at a junction between a neuron and its target. Specific to nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcitonin: philic or phobic

A

Hyodrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calcitriol: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cortisol: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epinephrine: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Estrogen: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prolactin: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thyroid hormone: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TSH: philic or phobic

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormone produced by Glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormones produced by reticularis

A

Androgens (sex steroids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hormones produced by fasciculata

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hormones produced by medulla

A

Epi and norepi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The most important hormone in calcium homeostasis

A

PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MHC 1: Extra or intra

A

Intra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MHC II: Extra or intra

A

Extra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transcription factors means that these hormones have a ______ effect

A

Larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Intracellular hormone receptors have to be:

A

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Extracellular hormone receptors have to be:

A

Hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transcription factors

A

Change gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

G-protein coupled receptors and cAMP: LOOK AT WORKSHEET

A

Hydrophilic hormone binds to receptor. G protein is activated. Activation of adenylyl cyclase. Conversion of ATP to cyclic CMP (second messenger). Activation of protein kinases. Initiation of phosphorylation cascade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Upregulation

A

Smaller amount of hormone, increases # of receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Downregulation

A

High levels of circulating hormones, decrease the # of hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Permissive effect

A

Presents of one hormone enables another hormone to act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Example of permissive effect of a hormone

A

Estrogen priming: uterine cells must be exposed to estrogen before progesterone can have an affect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Synergistic effect

A

Two hormones together have an amplified response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Example of a synergistic effect

A

Thyroid hormone and the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

Two hormones have opposing effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Example of antagonistic effect

A

Insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Something in blood causes hormone release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Example of humoral stimuli

A

High level of glucose causes the release of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormone causes the release of another hormone

37
Q

Example of hormonal stimuli

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone causes the release of growth hormone

38
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Nervous system causes the release of hormones

39
Q

Example of neural stimuli

A

Release of epinephrine

40
Q

TRH releases:

41
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone releases:

42
Q

What is stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

43
Q

Diabetes inspidus

A

Increase in urination

44
Q

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus are: Hydro____

45
Q

Alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome: dominant hormone

A

Immediate stress response. Dominate hormone is epinephrine.

46
Q

Resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome

A

Glucocorticoids are the dominant hormones

47
Q

Alpha cells in pancreas produce:

48
Q

Beta cells in pancreas produce:

49
Q

Delta cells in the pancreas produce:

A

Somatostatin

50
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Increase blood glucose by glucagon

51
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of blood glucose

52
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase in urination

53
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increase in thirst

54
Q

Polyphagia

A

Increase in hunger

55
Q

Cytotoxic t-cells are CD__ +

56
Q

Helper t-cells are CD__+

57
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries not present?

A

Central nervous system, cornea, etc…

58
Q

What is the flow of lymph from the lymphatic capillaries to the subclavian veins?

A

Lymphatic capillarieslarger lymphatic vesselslymph nodeslymphatic trunkssubclavian veins

59
Q

Which part of the body drains into the thoracic duct?

A

Left side and lower body

60
Q

Which part of the body drains into the R lymphatic duct?

A

Right upper body

61
Q

Where do b cells mature?

A

Red bone marrow

62
Q

Where do t cells mature?

63
Q

Antigen-presenting cells:

A

B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

64
Q

Most common WBC

A

Neutrophils

65
Q

Cytokine

A

Short-distance signaling molecules

66
Q

Chemokines

A

Attract cells over a long distance

67
Q

Function of interferons

A

Secreted by virally infected cells. Other cells in this area can produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

68
Q

In complement activation, what happens after C1 binds to the antibody?

A

C1 is activated

69
Q

What happens after C1 is activated?

A

Active C1 activates c2 and c4

70
Q

What does c2 activate?

A

C2a and C2b

71
Q

What does C4 activate?

A

C4a and C4b

72
Q

What does C2b and C4b activate?

A

C3 convertase

73
Q

What does C3 convertase activate?

74
Q

What does C3 activate?

A

C3a and C3b

75
Q

Effects of complement activation. C3a

A

C3a attracts phagocytes to the area.

76
Q

Effects of complement activation. C3b

A

C3b binds the surface of a pathogen, opsonization and activates C5-9, forming a membrane attack complex.

77
Q

Pyrogen

A

Causes a fever

78
Q

Which t cell is part of a MHC 1?

79
Q

Which t cell is a part of MHC II?

80
Q

MHC___, ____ t-cell, ______ destroyed

A

II, helper, indirectly destroyed

81
Q

MHC___, ____ t-cell, ______ destroyed

A

I, cytotoxic, directly

82
Q

T-cell dependent activation of b cells:

A

Stronger, longer-lasting immune response.

83
Q

T-cell independent activation of b cells:

A

Faster, weaker response

84
Q

Constant segments of an antibody determines which?

A

Class of antibody

85
Q

Variable segments of antibodies:

A

Determines specificity

86
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Occurs when a person is exposed to a pathogen and the immune system responds by producing antibodies and memory cells

87
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Occurs when a person is exposed to an antigen through vaccination, stimulating an immune response without causing disease

88
Q

Passive natural immunity

A

Occurs when a mother passes antibodies to her baby naturally, without medical intervention

89
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

Occurs when a person receives antibodies through medical intervention

A&P 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions