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A&P 2 > Invent the Quiz Qs Mod 1 > Flashcards

Invent the Quiz Qs Mod 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which of the following is the control center for the endocrine system?
    a. hypothalamus
    b. thalamus
    c. pituitary gland
    d. pineal gland
A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q
  1. Thyroid follicles produce calcitonin and parafollicular cells produce thyroid hormone.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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3
Q
  1. What is the most important hormone for calcium homeostasis?
    a. thyroid hormone
    b. parathyroid hormone
    c. calcitonin
    d. calcitriol
A

PTH

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following would you NOT expect to see with Addison’s disease?
    a. hypoglycemia
    b. hypernatremia
    c. hyperkalemia
    d. you would expect to find all of the above
A

Hypernatremia

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5
Q
  1. The pancreas is primarily an exocrine gland.
    a. true
    b. false
A

True

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following describes short distance signaling between different cell types?
    a. paracrine communication
    b. autocrine communication
    c. endocrine communication
    d. synaptic communication
A

Paracrine

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7
Q
  1. Long-term exposure to _____ acts as an immunosuppressive during the resistance phase of a stress response.
    a. norepinephrine
    b. aldosterone
    c. cortisone
    d. aldosterone
A

Cortisone

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8
Q
  1. Insulin causes glucose breakdown.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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9
Q
  1. Melatonin MAY inhibit the release of _____.
    a. insulin
    b. gonadotropins
    c. thyroid hormone
    d. calcitonin
A

Gonadotropins

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10
Q
  1. The phase of the general adaptation syndrome in which homeostatic regulation breakdown occurs is the _____.
    a. alarm phase
    b. resistance phase
    c. degenerative phase
    d. exhaustion phase
A

Exhausting phase

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11
Q
  1. Glucagon release will be highest _____.
    a. before a meal
    b. immediately following a meal
    c. between meals
A

Between meals

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12
Q
  1. Which of the following stimulates uterine contractions?
    a. oxytocin
    b. prolactin
    c. somatostatin
    d. antidiuretic hormone
A

Oxytocin

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13
Q
  1. A diuretic increases urine volume.
    a. true
    b. false
A

True

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is a symptom of hypothyroidism?
    a. feeling cold
    b. hypertension
    c. weight loss
    d. fast reflexes
A

Feeling cold

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15
Q
  1. Which of the following best describes diabetes insipidus?
    a. an autoimmune disorder where the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed
    b. an inability to regulate blood glucose because of insulin resistance
    c. an inability to release or lack of production of antidiuretic hormone
A

an inability to release or lack of production of antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following is released from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?
    a. testosterone
    b. cortisol
    c. estrogen
    d. aldosterone
A

Cortisol

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17
Q
  1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone is hydrophobic.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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18
Q
  1. Thyroid hormone and the sympathetic nervous system together have an amplified response. What type of interaction is this?
    a. permissive effect
    b. synergistic effect
    c. positive feedback
    d. antagonistic effect
A

Synergistic

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19
Q
  1. Insulin is to glucagon as _____ is to _____.
    a. parathyroid hormone; calcitriol
    b. epinephrine; aldosterone
    c. calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
    d. thyroid hormone; growth hormone
A

calcitonin; parathyroid hormone

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20
Q
  1. T3 is converted to T4 by target cells.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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21
Q
  1. Hydrophobic hormones require a second messenger to have an effect.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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22
Q
  1. In the thyroid gland, which of the following produce calcitonin?
    a. calcitone cells
    b. follicular cells
    c. colloidal cells
    d. parafollicular cells
A

Parafollicular cells

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23
Q
  1. Hypoadrenocorticism is sometimes called Addison’s disease.
    a. true
    b. false
A

True

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24
Q
  1. Which type of cell in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?
    a. alpha
    b. beta
    c. delta
    d. gamma
A

Alpha

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25
Q
  1. Gigantism occurs before growth plates close.
    a. true
    b. false
A

True

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26
Q
  1. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from all of the following EXCEPT the _____.
    a. right side of the head
    b. right side of the neck
    c. right leg
    d. right arm
A

Right leg

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27
Q
  1. Which of the following is known as the “chief enemy of bacteria”?
    a. neutrophils
    b. basophils
    c. lymphocytes
    d. monocytes
A

Neutrophils

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28
Q
  1. Every B cell or T cell recognizes only one antigen.
    a. true
    b. false
A

True

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29
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true for T-cell dependent B-cell activation?
    a. it is more common that T-independent
    b. it requires a Th2 cell
    c. it has a more robust response than T-independent
    d. there are no memory cells produced
A

There are no memory cells produced

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30
Q
  1. Precipitation is the clumping of cellular pathogens.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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31
Q
  1. During artificial active immunity no memory B cells are produced.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False

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32
Q
  1. Which class of antibodies can cross the placenta?
    a. IgA
    b. IgG
    c. IgD
    d. IgE
A

IgG

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33
Q
  1. Macrophages would be part of the _____ line of defense.
    a. first
    b. second
    c. third
A

Second

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34
Q
  1. How do natural killer cells cause the death of their target cell?
    a. forming a membrane attack complex
    b. trapping the pathogen in place until it dies
    c. perforins and granzymes to trigger apoptosis
    d. recruiting cytotoxic T cells
A

Perforins and granzymes to trigger apoptosis

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35
Q
  1. MHC II proteins display components of intracellular pathogens.
    a. true
    b. false
A

False; extracellular

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36
Q
  1. Histamine is released by _____.
    a. B cells and T cells
    b. red blood cells and neutrophils
    c. mast cells and basophils
    d. natural killer cells and eosinophils
A

MAST cells and basophils

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37
Q
  1. Where do T cells undergo positive and negative selection?
    a. positive – thymic medulla; negative – thymic cortex
    b. positive – thymic cortex; negative – thymic medulla
    c. positive – bone marrow; negative – thymic cortex
    d. positive – thymic medulla; negative – bone marrow
A

Positive- thymic cortex; negative-thymic medulla

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38
Q
  1. Which of the following are part of the second line of defense?
    a. natural killer cells
    b. mucous membranes
    c. neutrophils
    d. complement proteins
A

All but mucous membranes

39
Q
  1. The immune system is a true organ system.
    a. true
    b. false
40
Q
  1. Which component of the alpha beta T cell receptor binds to the antigen?
    a. variable region
    b. constant region
    c. alpha region
    d. beta region
A

Variable region

41
Q
  1. Mature T helper cells express which of the following?
    a. CD4+; CD8+
    b. CD4-; CD8-
    c. CD4-; CD8+
    d. CD4+; CD8-
A

CD4+; CD8-

42
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT phagocytic?
    a. macrophage
    b. neutrophil
    c. dendritic cell
    d. natural killer cell
43
Q
  1. Which of the following releases histamine to initiate an inflammatory response?
    a. natural killer cell
    b. T cell
    c. B cell
    d. mast cell
44
Q
  1. What organ produces the complement proteins?
    a. liver
    b. spleen
    c. pancreas
    d. red bone marrow
45
Q
  1. T cell independent activation of B cells will result in production of memory B cells?
    a. true
    b. false
46
Q
  1. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages when they leave the blood and enter the tissue.
    a. true
    b. false
47
Q

Which of the following is an effect of glucagon?

A

breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue

48
Q

Put the following layers of an adrenal gland in order from superficial to deep.

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis
Adrenal medulla

49
Q

In what ways are the hormonal effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine and the glucocorticoids similar?

A

Both increase blood glucose and promote breakdown of stored fats.

50
Q

Your patient has a moon-shaped face, rapid weight gain, and is often sick. You suspect an overproduction of _____.

A

Glucocorticoids

51
Q

Long term stress can cause immunosuppression due to increased production of hormones by the zona _____.

A

zona fasciculata

52
Q

Hypokalemia (low blood potassium) will increase aldosterone secretion. True or false

53
Q

Parathyroid hormone will decrease calcium levels in the urine. True or false

54
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates production of calcitriol. True or false

55
Q

Which of the following hormones produced by the thyroid gland is hydrophilic?

A

Calcitonin

56
Q

Why do high levels of cortisol cause a decrease in secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

ACTH participates in a negative feedback loop with cortisol.

57
Q

Oxytocin release is controlled by positive feedback. True or false

58
Q

Hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary are produced by the hypothalamus. True or false

59
Q

What statement is TRUE of peptide hormones?

A

They are chains of amino acids

60
Q

When epinephrine binds to a receptor the result can be _____ depending on the _____.

A

Increase or decreased cAMP; receptor

61
Q

Place the following in order for cAMP production:
Increase protein kinase activity
Adenylyl cyclase activation
g-protein activation
cAMP production

A

G-protein activation
adenylyl cyclase production
cAMP production
Increase protein kinase activity

62
Q

How is the secondary response affected if memory B cells for a particular pathogen are not present?

A

the secondary response would not occur.

63
Q

The _____ region determines the epitope binding specificity of an antibody.

A

variable region

64
Q

The destruction of B cells in the bone marrow that would otherwise attack host tissues is _____ tolerance

A

Central tolerance

65
Q

The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called _____.

A

negative selection

66
Q

Which type of T cell is most effective against viral infections?

67
Q

Th2 cells help activate B cells. True or false

68
Q

Individual T cells can respond to multiple epitopes. True or false

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A

Draining blood into the right atrium of the heart

70
Q

If the thymus failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?

71
Q

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary triglycerides are called _____.

72
Q

The lymphoid organ which undergoes involution is the appendix. True or false

73
Q

What would you find in Cushing’s disease?
___adrenocorticism
___ glycemia
Redistribution of ____ ___

A

Hyper
Hyper
Body fat

74
Q

What would you find in Addison’s disease?
___adrenocorticism
____glycemia
______natremia
______kalemia

A

Hypo
Hypo
Hypo
Hyper

75
Q

MHC II
_____ t-cell (CD?)
_____cellular
_______ destroyed

A

Helper CD4
Extra
Indirectly

76
Q

MHC I
_____ t-cell (CD?)
_____cellular
_______ destroyed

A

Cytotoxic CD8
Intracellular
Directly

77
Q

Steps of cAMP

A
  1. hydrophilic hormone binds to receptor
  2. G-protein is activated
  3. Activation of adenylyl cyclase
  4. Conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. Activation of protein kinases
  6. Initiation of phosphorylation cascade
78
Q

Thoracic duct drains which part of the body?

A

Left side and lower body

79
Q

R Lymphatic duct drains which part of the body?

A

Right upper body

80
Q

Steroid hormones DO NOT need a _____.

A

Second messenger

81
Q

Why do patients with hypothyroidism have a goiter?

A

With decreased levels of circulating thyroid hormone there will be increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone which will increase the size of the thyroid gland (goiter).

82
Q

Antiinflammatory hormones are produced by the zona _____.

A

Fasciculata

83
Q

Insulin stimulates triglyceride and protein synthesis. True or false

84
Q

T helper 1 cell

A

secretes cytokines to regulate macrophages and other T cells

85
Q

T helper 2 cell

A

secretes cytokines to activate B cells

86
Q

Class switching is the ability of a plasma cell to change the class of antibody it produces while maintaining the same specificity.

87
Q

central tolerance

A

tolerance induced in the red bone marrow

88
Q

clonal anergy

A

self-reactive B cells in the bone marrow that are nonfunctional

89
Q

clonal deletion

A

removal of self-reactive B cells by apoptosis

90
Q

peripheral tolerance

A

mature B cell that is rendered nonfunctional due to lack of T helper 2 activation

91
Q

The right lymphatic blood drains lymph into the right subclavian artery. True or false

92
Q

Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell?
Basophil
macrophage
eosinophil
neutrophil

93
Q

T cells that have passed both positive and negative selection are CD8+ and CD4+ but naïve T cells only express one or the other. True or false

94
Q

Negative selection of T cells occurs in the thymic cortex. True or false

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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