Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaphy > Lecture II: Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture II: Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

is a pure substance that is distinguished from all other matter by the fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means.

A

Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 elements which are essential for human survival

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is a substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

A

Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is a substance composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

A

Compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is the number of protons (also electrons) in the nucleus of an atom which identifies the element.

A

Atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

A

Mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of neutron.

A

Isotope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

have more than the usual number of neutrons and are unstable:

A

Heavy isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

differ in their half - life, the time it takes for half of any size sample of an isotope to decay.

A

Radioisotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is a layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level called the.

A

ELECTRON SHELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

an atom’s outermost electron shell and the number of electrons in it determines the tendency of an atom to participate in chemical reactions.

A

Valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms the same vicinity.

A

Bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is grouping of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A

Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is a molecule made up of two or more atoms of different elements.

A

Chemical compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 types of chemical bonds important in human physiology:

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

These are ions that play roles in transmitting nerve signals.

A

Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

___ ions regulate fluid in and out of cells. The body uses ___ to make hormones that regulate metabolism.

A

Chloride and Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Respiration produces ___ , a molecular energy source for our cells.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bones and teeth are mainly ___.

A

calcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Without ___ , bones are spongier and break more easily.

A

Manganese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

So far, ___ is the number of elements that have been identified with certainty. ___ occur in nature.

A

118, 92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It comes from the Greek word meaning “incapable of being divided.”

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TRUE or FALSE. The electric charge of a particle is a measure of its ability to attract or repel other charged particles.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A neutral atom must have an equal number of what?

A

protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called?

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In this ___ model of an atom, the electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits.

A

Planetary model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In this model of an atom, electrons are shown as a cloud of negative charge.

A

Orbital model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the simplest arom?

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. The atomic number indirectly tells us the number of electrons that atom contains.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

They have the same number of protons and electrons but vary in the number of neutrons they contain. Same atomic number but different atomic masses.

A

Isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This kind of bond is formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

A

Ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

This kind of bond forms when atoms share valence electrons.

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give an example of a nonpolar covalent molecule.

A

CO2 or Carbon dioxide
O=C=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give an example of a polar covalent molecule.

A

H2O or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms

A

Polar covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms.

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are extremely weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom bound to one “electron-hungry” nitrogen or oxygen atom is attracted by another such atom, and the hydrogen atom forms a “bridge” between them.

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is the kind of bond responsible for water’s surface tension.

A

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Three patterns of chemical reactions.

A

Synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, exchange reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The formation of protein molecules is what pattern of chemical reaction?

A

Synthesis reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Digestion of food and breakdown of glycogen to release glucose when the blood sugar level starts to decline is what pattern of chemical reaction?

A

Decomposition reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Involve simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reactions.

A

Exchange reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What pattern of chemical reaction happens when ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-phosphate?

A

Exchange reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Temperature, concentration of reacting particles, particle size, presence of catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Smaller particles have lower kinetic energy and move slower than larger ones, hence they don’t take part in more collisions.

A

FALSE. It has more kinetic energy and moves faster. They also take part in more collisions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are organic compounds.

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Examples of inorganic compounds found in the body.

A

Water, salts, some acids and bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The most abundant inorganic compound in the body. It accounts 2/3 of body weight.

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The liquid part of blood that is mostly made up of water.

A

Blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

It is a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance.

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The fluid that surrounds a developing fetus within the mother’s body.

A

Amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Translucent mixtures with solute particles of intermediate size are called?

A

Colloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

If the particles of the mixture are visible to the naked eye and settle down under the influence of gravity, it is a _____.

A

suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the water properties that make it so vital?

A

High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why salt disassociate in water?

A

Because of its polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution.

A

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

List the 3 examples of electrolytes and why they are called such?

A

Acids, bases, and salts
-they ionize, dissociate in water, and can then conduct an electrical current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

It is a substance that can release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. They are defined as proton (H+) donors. Puts protons “in the game.”

A

Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

An acid produced by stomach cells that aids digestion.

A

Hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Acids that ionize completely and liberate all their protons are called ____ ____. An example is ____.

A

Strong acids, hydrochloric acid
HCI —> H+(proton) + CI-(anion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Give examples of weak acids that don’t ionize completely.

A

Carbonic acid - found in soft drinks and wines
Acetic acid - acidic component of vinegar

62
Q

The proton (H+) acceptors. Puts protons “out of the game.”

A

Bases

63
Q

When acids are dissolved in water, they release hydrogen ions and some ____.

A

Anions

64
Q

When bases ionize and dissociate in water, the hydroxide ion (OH-) and some ____ are released.

A

Cations

65
Q

Example of a strong base. It is a common ingredient in cleaners and soaps.

A

Sodium hydroxide or lye

66
Q

An important base in blood which is a fairly weak base.

A

Bicarbonate ion or HCO3-

67
Q

This type fo exchange reaction, in which an acid and a base interact, is more specifically called a _______ reaction.

A

neutralization

68
Q

Determine what type of reaction is happening below.
HCI + NAOH —> H2O + NACI

A

Neutralization

69
Q

The ____, which was devised in 1909 by a Danish Biochemist (and part-time beer brewer) named ____, is based on the number of protons in solution.

A

pH scale
Sørensen

70
Q

Solutions with a pH lower than 7 are what?

A

Acidic solutions

71
Q

Solutions with a pH number higher than 7 are what?

A

Basic or alkaline solutions

72
Q

A ____ is a solution or chemicals that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components.

A

buffer

73
Q

A solution with a pH of 7 is a ______.

A

Neutral solution

74
Q

Biological molecules are formed from their monomers (units) by _____ _____ and broken down to their monomers by ____.

A

dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis

75
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

76
Q

It is the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

A

Hemoglobin

77
Q

The process of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecules is called _____ _____.

A

dehydration synthesis

78
Q

Carbohydrates means ____ according to scientists.

A

Hydrates of carbon

79
Q

carbohydrates are classified according to what?

A

Solubility and size

80
Q

monosaccharides are also referred to as?

A

simple sugars

81
Q

these are carbohydrates that contain 3-7 carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

82
Q

most important monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose

83
Q

also called blood sugar, universal cellular fuel

A

Glucose

84
Q

The liver then converts both ____ and ____ into glucose, so that dissolved glucose, known as blood sugar, is the only monosaccharide present in circulating blood.

A

fructose and galactose

85
Q

These are formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis.

A

Disaccharides

86
Q

Sucrose monomers

A

glucose-fructose

87
Q

table sugar found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts

A

Sucrose

88
Q

lactose monomers

A

glucose and galactose

89
Q

maltose monomers

A

glucose-glucose

90
Q

long, branching chains of linked simple sugars
ideal storage products because they are large, insoluble molecules
lack sweetness

A

Polysaccharides

91
Q

Storage polysaccharide formed by plants

A

Starch

92
Q

It is the stored form of glucose in animals and humans (largely in muscles and liver).

A

Glycogen

93
Q

energy currency of body cells

A

ATP

94
Q

If not immediately needed for ATP synthesis, dietary carbohydrates are converted to ____ or ____ and stored.

A

glycogen or fat

95
Q

Most abundant lipids in the body

A

Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids

96
Q

Egg yolks, meats, dairy products, and oils are examples of what macromolecule?

A

Lipid or fat

97
Q

among the CHO element, what is abundant in lipid molecules?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

98
Q

neutral fats

A

Triglycerides

99
Q

Building blocks of triglycerides

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

100
Q

Monomers of lipids

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

101
Q

What makes the different kinds of neutral fats?

A

The variation of fatty acid chains.

102
Q

It determines how solid the molecule of triglyceride is at a given temperature.

A

The length of a triglyceride’s fatty acid chains and their type of C=C bonds.

103
Q

Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms are referred to as ____ fats. Their fatty acid chains are straight, and, at room temperature, the molecules pack closely together, forming a solid; butter is an example.

A

saturated

104
Q

Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are said to be ____. The double and triple bonds cause the fatty acid chains to kink so that they cannot pack closely enough to solidify.

A

unsaturated fats (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, respectively).

105
Q

_____ fats (including a type called trans fat) tend to stay solid at room temperature and can cause fatty deposits in blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis (“hardening of the arteries”).

A

Saturated

106
Q

____ fats stay liquid at room temperature and are less likely to clog your arteries.

A

Unsaturated

107
Q

____ fats are common in many margarines and baked products, are oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at sites of double carbon bonds, which reduces those bonds to single carbon bonds. They increase the risk of heart disease by raising “bad” cholesterol and decreasing “good” cholesterol.

A

Trans fats

108
Q

The ____ fatty acids, found naturally in cold-water fish, appear to decrease the risk of heart disease and some inflammatory diseases.

A

omega-3

109
Q

When they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy. They are stored chiefly in fat deposits beneath the skin and around body organs, where they help insulate the body and protect deeper body tissues from heat loss and injury.

A

Triglycerides

110
Q

What’s the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?

A

The major difference is that a phosphorus-containing group is always part of the molecule and takes the place of one of the fatty acid chains. Thus, phospholipids have two instead of three attached fatty acids.

111
Q

They are basically flat molecules formed of four interlocking carbon rings. However, like fats, they are made largely of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are fat-soluble.

A

Steroids

112
Q

The single most important steroid molecule is ____.

A

cholesterol

113
Q

____ is found in cell membranes and is the raw material used to make vitamin D.

A

Cholesterol

114
Q

The basis of all body steroids.

A

Cholesterol

115
Q

A breakdown product of cholesterol; released by the liver into the digestive tract, where they aid in fat digestion and absorption.

A

Bile salts

116
Q

A fat-soluble vitamin produced in the skin on exposure to UV (ultraviolet) radiation (sunshine); necessary for calcium absorption and normal bone growth and function.

A

Vitamin D

117
Q

Female hormones

A

Estrogen and progesterone

118
Q

Male hormone

A

Testosterone

119
Q

Is a glucocorticoid, is a long-term antistress hormone that is necessary for life

A

Cortisol

120
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

An amino acid’s structure consists of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), an amino group (−NH2) and an organic side chain (also called an R group).

121
Q

Simplest amino acids

A

Glycine

122
Q

Amino acids differ in what group?

A

Amino acids differ from each other with respect to their side chains, which are referred to as R groups.

123
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

124
Q

most abundant biomolecule in the human body

A

proteins

125
Q

Elements of proteins

A

CHONS

126
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

Amino acids

127
Q

amino acid group that provides basic properties

A

-NH2 or amine group

128
Q

Acid group formula

A

-COOH

129
Q

Also called functional proteins with at least a tertiary structure

A

Globular proteins

130
Q

Also called structural proteins.

A

Fibrous proteins

131
Q

Example of fibrous protein

A

Collagen

132
Q

Example of globular protein

A

Hemoglobin

133
Q

Elements of nucleic acids

A

CHONSP

134
Q

3 basic parts of a nucleotide

A

(1) nitrogen-containing base
(2) pentose or the 5-carbon sugar
(3) phosphate group

135
Q

2 major kinds of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
Ribonucleic acid or RNA

136
Q

Approximately equal to the mass number of the most abundant isotope.

A

Atomic weight

137
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Hydrogen bonds involve electrons.

A

FALSE

138
Q

Important bases that act as buffers (resist changes in pH).

A

Bicarbonate ions

139
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

140
Q

Type of fat that provides insulation in fat tissue and reserve body fuel.

A

Triglycerides

141
Q

Determine the level of protein structure: amino acid sequence

A

Primary structure

142
Q

Determine the level of protein structure: the alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet

A

Secondary structure

143
Q

Determine the level of protein structure: a three dimensional structure formed by secondary structures folding on one another.

A

Tertiary structure

144
Q

Determine the level of protein structure: a globular structure formed by two or more polypeptide chains.

A

Quaternary

145
Q

are functional proteins such as enzymes, peptide hormones, and hemoglobin

A

Globular proteins

146
Q

These proteins unfold (denature and inactivate) when their hydrogen bonds are disrupted by heat or pH changes.

A

Globular or functional proteins

147
Q

Speed the rates of chemical reactions by binding temporarily and specifically with reactants and holding them in the proper position to interact.

A

Enzymes

148
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Enzymes are reusable biological catalysts.

A

TRUE

149
Q

Monomers of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

150
Q

The element essential for normal thyroid function.

A

Iodine

Anaphy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions