Lecture I: The Human Body Flashcards
Scientific study of the body’s structures and their relationship to one another.
Human Anatomy
Scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life
Human Physiology
Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.
Integumentary System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture;
produces heat.
Muscular System
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
Skeletal System
Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervous System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.
Endocrine System
Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
Urinary System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood.
Cardiovascular System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.
Lymphatic System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Respiratory System
Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Digestive System
Overall function of the ____ system is production of offspring. ____ produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. ____ produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. _____ of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Reproductive, testes, ovaries. mammary glands
Like the nervous system, the _____ system controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly.
Endocrine System
____ or gall, is a yellow-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
Bile
The urinary system is often called ___ system.
Excretory System
The energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
List 8 functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
clue: MMRD MERG
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
List the five survival needs of the human body.
nutrients (food), oxygen, water, appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure
What macromolecule are the major energy providing fuel for body cells.
Carbohydrates
What macromolecule cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel.
Fats or Lipids
Water accounts for ______ percent of body
weight
60% to 80%
It is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body and provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions.
Water
It is the most abundant element in the human body, accounting for about 65% of a person’s mass.
Oxygen
Breathing and the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate what?
Atmospheric pressure
It is used to identify changes in breast tissue, including dense masses or calcifications;
Mammogram
It detects the amount of calcium and minerals stored in bone and is the major diagnostic test for osteoporosis.
Bone densitometry
The equipment employs high-frequency
sound waves (ultrasound) as its energy
source. It is the safest imaging technique available.
Ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography)
A refined version of X-ray that eliminates the confusion resulting from images of overlapping structures. are at the forefront in evaluating most problems that affect the brain and abdomen, and their clarity has all but eliminated exploratory surgery.
Computed
tomography (CT) or CT scans
Special ultrafast CT scanners have produced a technique that provides three-dimensional images of body organs from any angle. It also allows organ movements and changes in internal volumes to be observed at normal speed, in slow motion, and at a specific moment in time. The greatest value of this has been to visualize the heart beating and blood flowing through blood vessels.
Dynamic spatial
reconstruction (DSR)
It requires an injection of short lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to biological molecules (such as glucose) in order to view metabolic processes. Its
greatest clinical value has been its ability to provide insights into brain activity in real time, particularly in people affected by mental illness, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy.
Positron emission tomography
(PET)
_____ uses magnetic fields
upto 60,000 times
stronger than Earth’s to
pry information from
body tissues. It is immensely popular
because it can do many
things a CT scan cannot.
Dense structures do not
show up in this, so
bones of the skull and/or
vertebral column do not
impair the view of soft
tissues, such as the brain
or intervertebral discs,
the cartilage pads
between vertebrae.
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
A variation of MRI
called ____ allows
tracking of blood flow
into the brain in real
time.
functional
magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)
True or false. Medical imaging procedures are minimally invasive or noninvasive.
TRUE
What are the most common imaging
techniques?
X-ray, CT,
MRI, and ultrasound
All of these except _____
expose patients to ionizing radiation in some form.
ultrasound
True or false. Modern imaging techniques does not use computer software to build and manipulate three-dimensional
images for better visualization of
body structures and irregularities.
FALSE
Other terms of superior
Cranial or cephalic
Other term of inferior
Caudal
Other term of anterior
Ventral
Other term of posterior
dorsal
Other term of superficial
external
Other term of deep
internal
The forehead is ___ to the
nose.
superior
The navel is ____ to the
breastbone.
inferior
The breastbone is ____ to the
spine.
anterior
The heart is ____ to the
breastbone.
posterior
The heart is ____ to the arm.
medial
The arms are ____ to the chest.
lateral
The collarbone is ____
between the breastbone and
the shoulder.
intermediate
The elbow is ____ to the
wrist.
proximal
