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AHW - equine > LECTURE - housing and husbandry > Flashcards

LECTURE - housing and husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

give 4 common equine housing types

A
  • traditional stabling
  • american barn
  • crew yard
  • grass kept
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2
Q

why might infections spread faster/easier in american barn stabling than traditional stabling?

A

all horses are contained in the same airspace (despite being individually housed)

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3
Q

give a disadvantage of having horses “grass kept”

A

may have to be box kept if injured/sick - owner may not have access to stable AND welfare implications for horse (not fair to restrict outside access so much for a horse that is used to being outdoors 24/7)

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4
Q

7 types of equine bedding

A

straw (wheat/barley/oat)
wood shavings
shredded wood fibre
flax and hemp (from chopped stems)
paper
cardboard
rubber matting

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5
Q

straw bedding: pros (2)

A

+
- relatively cheap
- readily avail (time of year may ^ cost as harvest approaches and stocks low)

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6
Q

straw bedding: cons (4)

A
  • can vary greatly in quality
  • may contain high levels of dust and mould spores = noy suitable for horses/carers who are susceptible to resp disorders
  • muckheap can be large and difficult to tidy
  • some may consume straw (not suitable for these horses)
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7
Q

wood shaving bedding: pros (3)

A

+
- can be used for horses/carers with or sus. to resp diseases/that eat bedding
- support for hooves (the shavings compact inside hooves)
- easy to stack and store (usually packed in polythene wrapped bales)

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8
Q

wood shaving bedding:

A

-
quality of shavings varies greatly, low quality = high dust content and potentially sharp splinters

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9
Q

shredded wood fibre: PROS (7)

A

ALL PROS
- env friendly: manufactured from selected recycled white wood
- low dust levels and absorbent: keeps surface of bed dry
- less likely to move around: red risk of injury when horse getting up/lying down
- consistently high quality
- widely avail
- supports hooves: compacts under them
- easy to manage with very little waste = small muck heap

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10
Q

flax and hemp: PROS (2)

A

+
- low dust content
- packaged in heavy duty plastic bags = easily stored

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11
Q

flax and hemp: CONS (2)

A
  • expensive
  • horses may eat (rare): look out for as flax and hemp indigestible (?)
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12
Q

paper: PROS (4)

A
  • low dust levels
  • non palatable
  • bales wrapped in polythene = easy to store
  • cheap
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13
Q

paper: CONS (3)

A
  • long strips hard to muck out (stick together and difficult to sep from droppings)
  • (cheap BUT) large no of bales needed to create thick bed
  • ink may stain lighter coat colours
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14
Q

cardboard: PROS

A

+
- low dust
- clumps together when wet = easy removal
- (for vets) easy to view/spot blood

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15
Q

cardboard: CONS (2)

A
  • move around stable = bare patches when horse moves around = injury risk (grip)
  • clumps and difficult to sep from droppings = wasteful
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16
Q

rubber matting: PROS (5)

A
  • amount of bedding used sig red.
  • saves time mucking out
  • red size of muckheap (=less waste)
    these 3^ = easy to manage
  • support for hooves and limbs
  • red risk of injury (grip)
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17
Q

rubber matting: CONS (2)

A
  • hygiene standards must be high (thoroughly clean under to prev ammonia and dirty bedding build up)
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18
Q

6 features of well designed stable

A
  • suitable size (can lie down and turn around)
  • ventilation and drainage adequate
  • free from draughts/water damage
  • free access to water (bucket/automatic)
  • bedding
  • haynet at horse head height (not lower - risk of hoof catching)
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19
Q

3 factors that bedding may depend on

A

1 owner pref (finance, allergies - dust etc.)
2 indiv horse needs
3 availability (e.g. straw and harvest)

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20
Q

4 reasons to keep a horse at grass

A

exercise/fitness
horse-to-horse contact
access to natural forage
break from routine

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21
Q

5 key features of good grassland management

A
  • fresh clean water
  • good quality grass
  • droppings removed weekly (at least)
  • appt stocking density (1-1.5 acres/horse)
  • (natural or artificial) shelter
  • appt fencing
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22
Q

poor grassland management (3)

A
  • sheep/barbed wire fencing - injury/stuck
  • grass not healthy = prolonged time in wet and muddy env = mud fever (type of pastern dermatitis) = pain = reluctant to put feet up (problem for vets)
  • no grass access = eat other dangerous things e.g. dangerous plants, wood from fence posts, acorns (large quant = fatal)
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23
Q

how to maintain good grassland (pasture management)

A
  • removal of faeces (AT LEAST weekly)
  • harrowing regularly
  • fertilising pasture = good gras growth
  • resting paddocks = grass growth not damaged = not poached
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24
Q

good grassland: daily checks

A
  • access to water
  • fence damage
  • rubbish/poisonous plants
  • rabbit holes/badger setts (area around setts fenced off as badgers protected by law)
25
6 environmental impact of horses
- overgrazing - overstocking - high parasite burden (due to high faecal load) - carcass disposal - disposal of waste bedding (DON'T BURN) - poaching (destruction of turf)
26
4 methods of carcass disposal
1. cremation 2. abattoir 3. hunt kennels 4. burial
27
6 fundamentals of equine nutrition
- high fibre diet - little but often (not left without forage for >3hrs = gastric acids damage stomach) - hind gut fermenters (most dig. occurs via continual microbial fermentation in caecum and colon) - non ruminant herbivores - good qual. (high fibre) forage should form majority of diet
28
define ruminant
animal that chews food >once, regurgitates and digests multiple times in different stomachs herbivores (?check if all are) (e.g. cows)
29
equine feedstuffs - 2 types
- forage (*most important*) - hard feed/cereal/concentrates
30
"forage" includes...
grass hay chaff (dried and chopped) root succulents/by-products
31
hard feed... why? dependent on? what it consists of (2)
- if additional energy needed (than forage can provide) - life stage and exercise dep - cereal based mixes/pellets, formulated to incl ess. vits and mins
32
8 plants poisonous to horses
- ragwort - sycamore - oak (acorns) - foxglove - deadly nightshade - ivy - yew tree - laburnum
33
describe foxglove
purple tubular flowers
34
describe deadly nightshade
flowers dull brown-purple, black berries
35
describe yew tree
leaves dark green needle, red berries
36
describe laburnum
bright yellow drooping flowers
37
foxglove: toxin prognosis and treatment
- cardiac glycoside toxins - death can occur after few hrs, treatment options limited as toxins immediately damage CV system, if caught early enough - activated charcoal and mineral oil to flush out toxins
38
foxglove: clinical signs of poisoning (3 categories)
CV: HR changes, breathing difficulties Dig: diarrhoea Neuro: dilated pupils, tremors, fits
39
deadly nightshade: toxin (where?) prognosis
atropine alkaloids (all parts, esp. leaves) death is rare distasteful
40
deadly nightshade: clinical signs of poisoning (5)
- dilated pupils - blindness - heartbeat changes - muscle tremors - disorientation
41
ivy: toxinS prognosis
- tri ter pen oid saponins - poly acetyl ene toxins
42
ivy: clinical signs of poisoning prognosis
- diarrhoea - colic - skin irritation around mouth - loss of appetite - dehydration death is rare distasteful
43
yew: toxin
taxine (cardiotoxin = heart attack)
44
yew: clinical signs of poisoning
- sudden collapse (may be only sign) - groaning breathing - (neuro) muscular trembling, uncoord. movement
45
yew: prognosis prevention
death can occur instantly - bitter = don't usuall eat unless forage in short supply (e.g. winter) - *toxicity remains in clippings and dead plants = remove*
46
laburnum: toxin (where?)
cyt isine all parts esp. seeds
47
laburnum: clinical signs of poisoning (2 categories)
dig: colic diarrhoea neuro: drowsiness excessive salivation fits collapse coma
48
laburnum: treatment prevention
- activated charcoal, liq paraffin, fluids to flush out - bitter = don't usually eat unless short on forage (e.g. winter)
49
ragwort: colour damage to? prognosis prevention/point to note
- yellow - liver - irreparable damage, can build over years - often fatal - late onset of clinical signs, symptoms showing = too late SO prevention>treatment - same harmful eff.s if baled/dried in hay
50
sycamore: toxin causes... onset prognosis
hypoglycin-A (HGA) - conv. into toxin in horse body ATYPICAL MYOPATHY (AM) destroys muscle fibres, damages kidneys (some horses remain unaff. - do not develop AM) rapid (deteriorate quickly 6-12hrs) poor prog. mortality rate (75%) *check*
51
sycamore: 8 clinical signs
- muscle stiffness - muscle tremors - sweating - HR high - depressed, head hung low - brown/dark red urine - weakness - reluctant to walk/difficulty standing - breathing difficulties
52
sycamore: prevention
- clear seeds from pasture (note - may blow into paddocks without trees) - mowing and spraying AND LEFTOVER MATERIAL REMOVED FROM PASTURE AFTERWARDS mowing red risk as less toxic material avail, but will grow again if not removed from root/leftotver material still contains HGA when sprayed HGA still present 6-8months after - harrowing ^risk of AM - disperses sycamore material throughout pasture - HGA = water sol SO may pass to water sources e.g. rivers = do not use these pastures for horses during high risk seasons (provide alt water source) - do not use pastures contam. with sycamore material to produce hay/haylage as seeds/seedlings still contain HGA 6-8 months after (when in bales) - limit grazing time when sycamore trees present near horse pasture (dec. exposure to toxins) - <6hrs - hay feeders - feeding hay from floor/close to trees = ^risk of ingesting sycamore material
53
54
oak (acorns): toxin point to note frequency - rare or common? why?
tannic acid - quant to cause illness varies from horse to horse rare - bitter = distasteful (larger crop = more freq)
55
what increases risk of acorn poisoning
- some naturally more susceptible - reduced grazing quality (overgrazed paddocks/long hot summers) = lack of forage - strong winds/storms = ^ acorn fall
56
acorn poisoning: reducing the risk (3)
1) avoid using field until acorns raked/removed 2) good quality forage away from oak trees 3) electric fencing around tree
57
acorn poisoning: clinical signs
- acorn husks in faeces - depression - dehydration - lethargy - red. appetite - increased lying down - colic - bloody diarrhoea - constipation - mouth ulcers
58
acorn poisoning: treatment (point to note)
no specific treatment, dep on no. of acorns, stage of illness - IV fluids to flush fluids (prev further damage to organs) - activated charcoal/mineral oil/paraffin = stop intestine damage - pain killers (colic symptoms) - eat hay and drink water = dilute toxins
59

AHW - equine (4 decks)

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