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AHW - equine > lecture - health and disease > Flashcards

lecture - health and disease Flashcards

1
Q

heart rate

A

28-44bpm
(higher MAY be indication of pain BUT dep on indiv - context e.g. use of horse

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2
Q

respiratory rate

A

8-16 breaths per min

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3
Q

rectal temp

A

37.5-38.5°C
indiv. dep. (may be slightly lower/higher)

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4
Q

mucous membrane colour

A

salmon pink

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5
Q

digital pulse
(incl - what is it?)

A

blood flow through main artery going into hooves

CHECK THIS usually very weak/absent (neurovascular bundle)
if prominent/bounding pulse (esp in conj. with lameness) = foot injury/disease e.g. laminitis

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6
Q

FOALS
- HR
- respiratory rate
- rectal temp

A
  • 60-80bpm
  • 16-24 breaths/min (^er 1st hr of birth)
  • 38.3-38.9°C
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7
Q

DONKEYS
- HR
- respiratory rate
- rectal temp

A
  • 32-48bpm
  • 12-24 breaths/min
  • 37.5-38.5°C (same as horses)
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8
Q

medicine administration: oral methods (routes?) (3)

A
  • syringe / drenching
  • add to feed
  • nasogastric intubation
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9
Q

medicine administration: IV injection site

A

jugular vein

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10
Q

blood sampling - where from?

A

jugular vein

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11
Q

medicine administration: SC injection site

A

loose skin in front of scapula
(shoulder blade?)

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12
Q

medicine administration: IM injection sites

A
  • PECTORAL muscles (chest?)
  • TRAPEZIUS muscle (neck?)
  • GLUTEAL muscles (top of hind leg/hip)
  • SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
  • SEMITENDINOSUS
    (both back of hind legs?)
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13
Q

3 methods for assessing horse body condition

A
  • BCS (body condition scoring) 5 AND 9 point
  • weight tape
  • electronic scales
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14
Q

body condition scoring

  • what does it assess?
  • to help determine?
  • it involves?
  • types?
A
  • objective (tick list? = not subjective) method of assessing SC fat coverage
  • useful for determining if horse healthy weight
  • vis. observation AND hands on palpation
  • 2 methods: 5 and 9 point scale
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15
Q

BCS: 5 point scale

A
  • three main areas assessed:
    PELVIS
    MIDRIFF
    NECK
    [don’t write this bit in exam, just so you can visualise - sideways view of horse, lines vertically to split into 3]
  • score each area 0-5 (equine scale incl 0, diff for other species)
  • add all scores and /3 (mean)
    0 = very poor (emaciated)
    5 = very fat
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16
Q

BCS: how to score horses using 5 point scale (the factors/indicators for each number)

A

[see link from SDL - onenote “assessing BCS”]

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17
Q

BCS: 9 point scale

A
  • six areas assessed
  • score 1-9
  • added together and /6 (mean)
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18
Q

BCS: 9 point scale
give the areas assessed

A

neck
withers
behind shoulder
ribs
loins
tailhead

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19
Q

why fat on a horse should be monitored?

A

disease - knock on effect

very active tissue, (E.G.) may affect absorption of sugars = contribute to equ. metabolic syndrome (?), linked to laminitis

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20
Q

weight tapes: PROS

A

despite not 100% accurate

  • can track if weight fluctuating
  • convenient (owners can do themselves)
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21
Q

weight tape: how to use

A
  • ensure horse stood level
  • tape over lowest point of withers
  • pass around horse (close to elbow)
  • tape pulled snugly around body (slight diag. angle when in correct position)
  • read off weight estimate
22
Q

3 common (equine) infectious diseases

A

1 strangles
2 equine influenza
3 equine herpes virus

23
Q

strangles
- causative agent

A

Streptococcus equi (S. equi)

24
Q

strangles
- clinical signs

A
  • swollen/abscessed lymph nodes
    (may occlude resp tract = potentially fatal)
  • nasal discharge
    (some horses - nasal dis. and no glandular swelling)
  • high temp (FEVER)
  • cough
  • poor appetite

fatal if bacterium spreads to other areas of body - ‘bastard strangles’

25
Q

strangles
prevention (2 ways)

A
  • live vaccine: Equilis StrepE
    via injection into the upper lip
    red chance of horse infected/red severity of symptoms
    MAY INTERFERE WITH DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
  • 10% cases = horse recovered but infection remains = “carrier”
    guttaral pouch endoscopy, chondroids (dried balls of pus from abscesses) removed from guttural pouch and antibiotics to kill remaining bacteria
26
Q

equine flu (EI)
causative agent

A

equine influenza virus (H3N8)

(EI florida clade 1 and 2)
1 - UK 2019 outbreak

27
Q

equine flu
- clinical signs

A

highly variable: immune status - governed by vacc status

in susceptible (non vacc):
- fever, hard dry cough, nasal discharge
develop to
- depression, loss of appetite, musc pain, weakness
- secondary opportunist bac infections may occur (e.g. pneumonia)

Many fully vaccinated horses show mild or no clinical signs at all when in contact with virus

28
Q

equine flu
- prevention

A
  • all equine animals should be fully vaccinated
  • all horse residents on stud farms fully vacc.
  • younger animals intended for racing must comply with racing vacc requirements: 2 doses 4-6wks apart, 5 week booster, boosters every 6 months
  • booster for pregnant mares 4-6wks prior to foaling date, foal commences own vacc programme when >6 months AT LEAST (when maternally derived antibody from colostrum has adequately declined and will not interfere with the foal’s immune response to vaccination)
29
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
causative agents

A

EHV-1
EHV-4
EHV-3
EHV-5

30
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
causative agent: EHV-1

A

EHV-1:
resp disease in young horses,

abortion in pregnant mares, (2 weeks - several months after infection)

(occasionally) neuro disease in horses of all ages/types - incoordination of hind (maybe front) limbs, incoord. of urine/faecal retention

31
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
causative agent: EHV-4

A

usually only low grade resp disease

occasionally abortion

after first infection, majority carry as latent infection that can reactivate later in life

32
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
causative agent: EHV-3

A

venereal (genital)

pox like lesions on penis of stallions and vulva of mares

33
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
causative agent: EHV-5

A

unusual sporadic cases of debilitating lung scarring

34
Q

equine herpes virus (EHV)
prevention

A
  • recommended that all horses resident on stud farm are fully vacc with:
    primary course

followed by regular 6-monthly boosters

regnant mares additionally booster vaccinated at 5, 7 and 9 months of gestation

(with vacc that is licensed to be used to aid prevention of both abortion and respiratory disease caused by EHV-1 and/or EHV-4)

35
Q

horse vaccinations: the minimum

A
  • EI and tetanus
  • EI annual boosters, tetanus every other
  • some others compulsory for competitions (horse dep)
36
Q

tetanus
- what is it
- causative agent

A
  • life threatening bac. disease (non infectious)
  • toxin from Clostridium tetani (italic), may be found in soil
37
Q

2 reasons why biosecurity on a stable yard is important

A
  • minimises risk of disease introduction
  • prevents spread of disease
38
Q

biosecurity measures

A
  • monitor temp (rise could mean illness)
  • keep vacc up to date
  • testing led deworming
  • prevent direct contact (don’t share water sources, prevent nose to nose contact when off yard)
  • good hygiene (separate grooming equipment, clean f+w buckets daily, disinfect boots and clothing from yard to yard, regularly clean tack, rugs, vehicles to transport horses)
  • isolation of new individuals (21 days) - keep their muck heap seperate
39
Q

equine preventative healthcare: 4 types/examples

A

1 vaccination

2 dentistry

3 foot care

4 anthelmintics

40
Q

foot care

A
  • by registered farrier
  • 4-8wks (dep on workload and surfaces worked on)
  • feet trimmed and shoes replaced (if necessary)
  • work closely with vets when remedial shoeing (for specific condition?) required
41
Q

dental care

A
  • teeth erupt constantly
  • molars grind laterally
    can lead to development of ‘hooks’
  • annual (MIN) examination by qual vet surgeon OR registered equine dental tech. (EDT)
42
Q

define anthelmintic

A

antiparasitic drugs/antibiotics? (against worms)

43
Q

anthelmintics, to treat…(4)

A
  • small and large roundworm (parascaris/ascarid)​
  • small redworm
    (strongyle)
  • tapeworm
    (Anoplocephala magna and Anoplocephaloides mamillana)
  • lungworms
    (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi)
    donkeys = preferred host, rare in horses but poss e.g. if sharing field
44
Q

describe the ‘intelligent’ approach to worming

A

growing concerns about anthelmintic resistance in UK

‘intelligent’ approach involves only horses w certain no of worm eggs being wormed = no unnecessary use of anthelmintics = red risk/slow development of resistance

45
Q

why is anthelmintic resistance an issue?

A

efficacy of most deworming products for horses has been compromised

46
Q

how to carry out faecal worm egg counts, and next steps to take based on results:

A
  • collect samples from individual horses within 12hrs of excretion
  • take 1-3 samples from AT LEAST 3 diff balls of faeces = sample of 40-50g (tennis ball size)
  • sample in zip-lock bag and expel air
  • ensure sample mixed thoroughly prior to processing
  • ensure sample analysed within 5 days of collection (ideally 2 days)

> 200 eggs/g (EPG) = treat with anthelmintics

47
Q

FECs - how often

A

12 weeks/3 months (CHECK*****)

48
Q

TYPES OF WORM IN EQUIDS

A

Tapeworm: Anoplocephala magnaandAnoplocephaloides mamillana.

Lungworm: Dictyocaulus arnfieldi – Donkeys are preferred host, development in horses rare but not impossible, especially if sharing field

49
Q

dental:
summarise who can do category 1/2/3 procedures

A

Category 1: can perform after recognised training without specific attainment of qualifications

Category 2: suitable for EDT (equine dental technician) who has trained and passed an examination approved by DEFRA

Category 3: only qualified vet. surgeons

50
Q

obesity in horses can lead to… (3)

A
  • ^ risk/poorer recovery prognosis from laminitis
  • hyperlipaemia (met. disorder) ^ risk
  • impaired thermoregulation
51
Q

assessing the need for anthelmintics - how?

A

FECs

AHW - equine (4 decks)

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