lecture five; Vision

Question 1

cutaneous sense

Answer 1

touch

Question 2

nocicepsis

Answer 2

pain/temperature

Question 3

propriocepsis

Answer 3

Position own bodyparts

Question 4

interocepsis

Answer 4

organs

Question 5

olfaction

Answer 5

smell

Question 6

gustation

Answer 6

taste

Question 7

balance

Answer 7

vestibular sense

Question 8

which part of which cortex is used. vision vs. hearing

Answer 8

Thalamus-LGN and Thalamus MGN

Question 9

which cranial nerve is used by the eye?

Answer 9

2. cranial nerve

Question 10

What is the receptive fiel?

Answer 10

Region of space where a stimulus induces a change in firing frequentie (the region a ganglion cel/neuron sees)

Question 11

What are the properties of cones?

Answer 11

1. Most prevalent in the central retina; found in the fovea
2. Sensitive to moderate to high levels of light
3. Provide information about hue
4. Provide excellent acuity

Question 12

properties of rods

Answer 12

1. Most prevalent in the peripheral retina; not found in the fovea
2. Sensitive to low levels of light
3. Provide only monochromatic information
4. Provide poor acuity

Question 13

What are the bipolar cells doing and where is there location?

Answer 13

1.connection between photoreceptors and ganglion-cells

Question 14

horizontal and amacrine cells

Answer 14

combine information in a direction diagonal to the retina

Question 15

transduction

Answer 15

Transduction is the name of the process by which energy
from the environment (for example, light) is converted to a
change in membrane potential in a neuron.

Question 16

When are ganglion cells inhibited and when excited?

Answer 16

1. On cells:
   active when light hits center of receptive field
   Inhibited when light falls outside center
2. Off cells:
   Inhibited when light in center
   Active when light outside center

Question 17

how can we perceive yellow without having apropriate cones

Answer 17

red and green cones are excited equally

Question 18

on which cells is the oponent color theory represented in the cells

Answer 18

on the ganglion cells

Question 19

what ganglion cells exist, regarding the colors

Answer 19

red/green ganglion cells (excited=red, inhibited=green)

yellow/blue ganglion cells ( yelow: red and green cones are exciting and inhibiting ->canceling each other out)

Question 20

Thalamus-LGN layers one and two

Answer 20

Thalamus lateral geniculate reticulus : Layers 1 and 2: large cells magnocellular (M) system
shape, movement, depth

Question 21

layers 3-6

what is between (below) each layer

Answer 21

Layers 3-6: small cells parvocellular (P) system
color and fine details

And below each layes koniocellular (K) system for perception of blue

Question 22

striate cortex

Answer 22

first cortex to combine visual information of different sources

P, M, K systems enter in different layers

Question 23

binocular disparity

Answer 23

: difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes

Question 24

dorsal stream

Answer 24

parietal lobe (where)

95% magnocellular)
Spatial awareness
Movement perception
Visuomotor coordination (tracking)

Question 25

ventral stream

Answer 25

temporal lobe (what)

50% magno, 50% parvo+konio
Colors
Shape
Patterns (faces)

Question 26

damage in v4 results in :

Answer 26

impaired color constancy:

(corrects for different background lighting conditions

Question 27

damage in v8 resultsin :

Answer 27

in impaired color vision and color imagination and color memory (cerebral achromatopsia)

Question 28

Apperceptive agnosia

Answer 28

(“not knowing”): problem with recognizing objects
Basal visual functions like visual acuity, color vision, movement perception, etc. are intact
Difficulty in combining individual elements to 1 “whole” object

Question 29

Prosopagnosia

Answer 29

(face-blindness)problem with recognizing faces

Question 30

akinetopsia

Answer 30

Lesions in an area of the medial temporal lobe (MT in V5) result in problems with perception of movement

Question 31

MST

Answer 31

Neighbouring area MST (neighbouring V5) important for Optic Flow
(perception of heading)