lecture finals Flashcards
- Simplest organic compounds primarily containing Carbon and Hydrogen
-Occur abundantly in nature
HYDROCARBONS
Length of carbon chain determines:
-melting point
-boiling point
-physical state
Common Hydrocarbons
a. LPG
b. Candle Wax
c. Local anesthetics
d. Acetylene Torch
mixture of propane & butane
LPG
Used to denote non-cyclic, or open chain
carbon compounds
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons or “Acyclic
derived from the word “aleiphatos” or
“fat”
Hydrocarbon
each atom in the molecule forms four single
covalent bonds with each other
Saturated Hydrocarbons
-Saturated hydrocarbon
-Contain only carbon and hydrogen
-Carbon to hydrogen & carbon to carbon single bonds
Alkanes
Known as paraffins (“little affinity”) and methane hydrocarbons
Alkanes
-Straight or branched chain hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms
-These are aliphatic compounds
Alkanes
When the compounds belonging to a class are arranged in order of increasing molecular weights
Homologous Series
A set of compounds is formed in which the members differ in composition from one another by –CH2 unit
Homologous Series
The carbon atoms which are not included in the parent chain are considered as
alkyl substituents
when light is passed thru a NicolPrism, the emerging light is called plane polarized light which vibrates in only one plane
Plane Polarized Light
enantiomerthat rotates the plane polarized light to the right (+)
Dextrorotatory
-left rotation of plane polarized light (-)
Levorotatory
-equal moles of dextro and levo
enantionmers
-results to optically inactive mixture
-neither rotate to the left nor to the right
Racemic mixture
Classes of Carbon
a. Primary Carbon
b. Secondary Carbon
c. Tertiary Carbon
-one that is bonded with only one or no other carbon atom;
Primary Carbon
-one that is bonded with two other carbon atom
Secondary Carbon
one that is bonded to three carbon atoms
Tertiary Carbon
PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
A. Physical State
B. Boiling Points
C. Melting Points
D. Solubility
E. Density
- a substitution reaction with halogen
-is substituted for a hydrogen atom.
Halogenation
- Hydrogen is lost from an organic compound
- an elimination reaction
Dehydrogenation
breaking up large molecules to form smaller ones
Cracking
conversion of one structural formula to another in the presence of a catalyst
Isomerization
-higher alkanes when boiled with fuming
nitric acid forms nitroalkanes
Nitration
higher alkanes(hexane and Up) when boiled
with fuming sulfuric acid gives sulfonic acid
Sulfonation
-formation of aromatic compounds when alkanes containing 6 carbon atoms are heated to about 400’C w/ Pt.,Pd.,Ni.,Co.
Aromatization/Reforming
The formula RX indicates a halogen atom attached to an alkyl group and represents the class of compounds known as
Alkyl Halides
The two main sources of alkanes are
natural gas and petroleum
is formed by the anaerobic decay of plants and animals
Natural gas
also called crude oil, consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons and is formed by the decomposition of plants and animals over millions of years.
Petroleum
A Major Petroleum Product
Gasoline
- Formula = CnH2n
- names are formed by adding the prefix cyclo to the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes generally similar to open-chain alkanes in both physical properties and chemical reactivity, except
a. Cyclopropane
b. Cyclobutane
are saturated hydrocarbons; they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Cycloalkanes
consist of 3 families of
homologous compounds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
-contain carbon to
carbon double bond
Alkenes
-contain carbon to
carbon triple bond
Alkynes
contain benzene rings
Aromatic compounds
angel bond of 120’ about each carbon in
a double bond
-other names:
-Ethylene series
-Olefins or oil
forming gas
Alkenes
- serves as a parent compound
- serves as local anesthesia
- raw material for plastics
- accelerates ripening of fruits in orchards
Ethylene
Stereoisomerism in Alkenes 2 groups
a. Cis
b. Trans
-where the two substituents are located
on the same side of the double bond
Cis
where the two substituent are located on
opposite sides of the double bond
Trans
- USEDASBEVERAGE
- SLOW REACTION TIME
- DEPRESSESTHENERVOUSSYSTEM
- CAN BE PREPARED FROM FERMENTATION
ETHYL ALCOHOL
- TOXIC AND SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN INTERNALLY
-NOT ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN SO IT IS COMMONLY USED AS RUBBING ALCOHOL AND AS ASTRINGENT
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
- CYCLIC ALCOHOL
- HAS A COOLING,REFRESHING FEELING WHEN RUBBED ON THE SKIN
- USED AS COUGH DROPS AND NASAL SPRAYS
MENTHOL
- WEAK ACIDS POISONOUS IF TAKEN INTERNALLY AND CAUSES DEEP BURN AND BLISTERS ON THE SKIN
- USED AS DISINFECTANT FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND UTENSILS,CLOTHING AND LINENS,FLOORS,TOILETS AND SINKS
PHENOL
- FORMED DURING THE DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS
- GOOD SOLVENTS BECAUSE THEY AREI NERT;VERY FLAMMABLE
- HAS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF R-O-R
ETHERS
-COMMONLY KNOWN ETHER AND USED EXTENSIVELY AS A GENERAL ANESTHETIC
- VERY EASY TO ADMINISTER AND IS AN EXCELLENT MUSCULAR RELAXANT
- FLAMMABLE AND IRRITATING TO THE MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRAC
DIETHYL ETHER
HAS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF
R-CHO
ALDEHYDES
- USED IN THE LAB AS WATER SOLUTION
- 40% SOLUTION IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS FORMAL IN WHICH IS USED IN EMBALMING FLUIDS AND AS PRESERVATIVE FOR BIOLOGIC SPECIMEN
FORMALDEHYDE (METHANAL)
