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1
Q

Cordage terms that includes

A
  1. Cable
  2. Cord
  3. Linen
  4. Robe
  5. String
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2
Q

Made from twisted vegetable or synthetic fibers

A

cordage

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3
Q

pertains to small lines includes cord, twine , and string

A

Linen

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4
Q

Pertains to small tight lines:

A
  1. Cord
  2. Twine
  3. String
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5
Q

Heavier lines with 3 or more strands

A

Rope

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6
Q

Rope used in

A
  • Suicide
  • Robbery
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7
Q

Fibers combined and straightened by machine

A

Yarn

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8
Q

Drawn in parallel position and twisted together

A

Yarn

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9
Q

Single yarn of 2 -3 or more yarns twisted together

A

String or Twine

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10
Q

Thick String

A

Cord

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11
Q

Obtain from the last layer of the plant stem of dicotyledon plants

A

Soft Fibers

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12
Q

Soft Fibers are obtained from the last layer of the plant stem of

A

dicotyledon plants

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13
Q

Examples of soft fibers

A

-Cotton
-Flax
-Hemp
-Jute

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14
Q

Obtained from the structural system of the leaf of monocotyledon plants

A

Hard Fibers

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15
Q

Hard fibers are obtained from the structural system of the leaf of

A

monocotyledon plants

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16
Q

Examples of natural hard fibers

A
  • Manila Hemp/ Abaca
    -Sisal Hemp
    -Coir
    -New Zealand Hemp
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17
Q

Characteristic of Synthetic Fibers

A
  1. Strong and lighter
  2. More Flexible
  3. Greater resistance to chemical damage
  4. Do not rot
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18
Q

Examples of Synthetic FIbers

A
  1. Nylon
  2. Polyester
  3. Polypropylene
  4. Aramid
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19
Q

-Used in Parachute and glider rope.
-3x stringer than Manila Hemp
- Greater elasticity (anchor lines)

A

Nylon

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20
Q

Best rope for general use

A

Polyester

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21
Q

Polyester resist:

A
  1. Abrasion
  2. Sun’s UV
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22
Q

50% stronger than manila hemp
resistant to abrasion and UV from sun

A

Polypropylene

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23
Q

High melting point and resist stretching

A

Aramid

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24
Q

Jute comes from

A

Cochorus plants

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25
Q

From cochorus plants
98% produced by Pakistan & India
Blended with high fiber

A

Jute

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26
Q

2nd most important soft fiber

A

Hemp

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27
Q

A seed hair
Not deprived from barks of dicotyledon plants

A

Cotton

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28
Q

Most widely used in rope
Form leaf stem of abaca
Great strength and resistance to wind, sun, and rain

A

Manila Hemp / Abaca

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29
Q

-80% of the strength of abaca
- come from plant Agave sisalana
- Salt water resistant
- Tanzania, Kenya, Indonesia , Brazil, Haiti
Uses in rope twine for sacking soil and cable insulator

A

Sisal

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30
Q

Cordage Fiber Examination

A

I. Macroscopic
1. Length & diameter with Vernier Caliper
2. General Appearance
3. Stains, debris, direction of projecting surface fiber
4. Free ends
5. Knots
6. Adhering debris

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31
Q

Fiber Chemical Test may use of

A
  1. Phloroglucine
  2. Aniline Sulfate
  3. Iodine & Sulfuric Acid
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32
Q

is a representation of an impression made on a soil surface.

A

Moulage

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33
Q

A cast in Plaster of Paris or
other similar material of an object or its impressed outlines on a surface.

A

Moulage

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34
Q

Moulage several
importance:

A

a. Produce representation of an object
b. Great value in scientific criminal investigation
c. Create mold which photography may not become viable

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35
Q

any materials which can be changed from a plastic or liquid state to the
solid state

A

Casting Materials

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36
Q

The following are criteria for a good casting material

A

a. Must be fluid
b. Must harden rapidly
c. Must not be deformable
d. Must be tough
e. Must be easy to apply
f. Must not adhere to the material
g. Must have a fine composition
h. Must not injure the impression
i. Must be obtainable
j. Must be cheap

37
Q

used for small impressions with a melting point at 60-70
degree Celsius but gives more accurate and detailed impression.

A

Wood’s Metal

38
Q

A rubbery and gelatinous material which is made up of colloidal Mg soaps.When hot it is thin and pasty, while when cold it is stiff or jelly.

A

Negocoll

39
Q

Made up of resinous material. Flesh in color and used for external surfaces.

A

Hominit

40
Q

Brown in color and used to cast the human body

A

Celerit

41
Q

Holds and keeps casting material from running

A

Molding Box

42
Q

includes strip of metals, teased ropes and bamboo sticks

A

Reinforcements

43
Q

used as separating materials

A
  • Shellac and Alcohol
  • Talcum powder
44
Q

Casting Chemicals:

A

NaCl
Borax
Sucrose
NaHCO3

45
Q

is detonated when it is crushed by the force of the firing pin

A

primer

46
Q

These vapors recondense
into droplets, which are further subjected to high pressure and temperature arising from the
openings as vapors and solidified as particulate that varies in shape and size from submicron to over

A

100
microns

47
Q

Components of Gunshot Residue

A

a. Formulation of Primer
b. Formulation of propellent
c. The barrel scrapings
d. The composition of projectile

48
Q

Ammunition primers consists of four basic chemical components:

A
  1. The initiator
  2. The oxidizer
  3. The Fuel
  4. The sensitizing
49
Q

is standard initiator in modern primer

A

The initiator – Lead styphnate

50
Q

is most commonly used in small arms.

A

The oxidizer – Barium nitrate

51
Q

Antimony sulfide is commonly used as fuel in primers

A

The Fuel

52
Q

Commonly used sensitizers are tetracene, pentaerythritol tetranitrate and tetryl

A

The sensitizing

53
Q

A black powder composed on 75% potassium nitrate, 15% sulfur and 10% charcoal

A

Gunpowder

54
Q

Combustion product of black powder

A

Carbonomooxide
carbon dioxide
sulphates
carbonates
thiosulfate
sulphides and potassium

55
Q

Can be single based made up of Nitrocellulose or Double base made up of
Mitrpcellulose and Nitroglycerine

A

Smokeless Powder

56
Q

Detectable Inorganic components

A

Lead, Barium, Antimony, Copper from jacket of
bullet, Iron from barrel, Nitrates and nitrite, zinc
and nickel

57
Q

Detectable Organic Components

A

Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine, Diphenylalamine
stabilizer, and DNT

58
Q

The basic principle of trace and transfer evidence is the

A

Locard Exchange Principle

59
Q

Detection of Gunshot residue

A
  1. Residue should initially be observed and evaluated by the unaided eye and with a low power
    stereomicroscope
  2. X-ray photography
  3. IR-photography-Infra red imaging may be used to visualize heavy soot on dark or bloody
    clothing or on multicolored surfaces
  4. Chemical methods
60
Q

use 5% nitric acid for inorganic content

A

Wet Method

61
Q

a technique used to inorganic sample for SEM analysis

A

Tape lifting

62
Q

Most common technique that makes use of acetone of ethanol as solvents.

A
63
Q

Most common technique that makes use of acetone of ethanol as solvents.

A

Swabbing

64
Q

Used for collecting on clothing’s. Clothing debris are vacuumed on to a filter disc. Then using solvents, residue on filter paper will be
collected.

A

Vacuum lifting

65
Q

Gunshot Residue Methods of Analysis

A
  1. Gross Examination
  2. Microscopic Examination
    - Paraffin Test
    - Walker’s Test
    -Griess Test
66
Q
  • Non-conclusive
  • Use of hand lens
  • Check for fine black powder particles:
    -Entrance of gunshot
    - Dorsum of hand
A

Gross Examination

67
Q
  • Fine particles magnified
  • No characteristic shape, color or consistency of gunpowder
A

Microscopic Examination

68
Q
  • Diphenylamine Test
  • Dermal Nitrate Test
  • Lunge Test/ Gonzales Test
A

Paraffin Test

69
Q

Uses photographic paper treated with either: C-Acid (2-naphthalamine- 4,8-
disulfonic acid), H- Acid (1-amino-8-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid) or Sulfonic Acid
swabbed with alpha naphthalamine in ethyl alcohol

A

Walker’s Test

69
Q

Uses photographic paper treated with either: C-Acid (2-naphthalamine- 4,8-
disulfonic acid), H- Acid (1-amino-8-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid) or Sulfonic Acid
swabbed with alpha naphthalamine in ethyl alcohol

A

Walker’s Test

70
Q

Principle: Nitrates in the gunpowder residue (NO3) reacts with the diphenylamine

A

Paraffin Test

71
Q

Principle: Nitrite in acid solution reacts with a primary aromatic amine forming diazonium salt

A

Griess Test

72
Q

Principle: Nitrite in acid solution reacts with a primary aromatic amine forming diazonium salt

A

Griess Test

73
Q

Test for Primer components
Sb.,Ba.,Pb.
Swab moistened with 0.1M HCl gathers residues

A

Harrison & Gilroy Test

74
Q

Ba and Sb converted to isotopes by neutron bombardment

A

Neutron Activation
Analysis (NAA)

75
Q

High temperature vaporizes metallic elements
Detected through Absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Flameless Atomic
Absorption

76
Q

Tests for Primer Components

A

-Harrison & Gilroy Test
-Neutron Activation
Analysis (NAA)
-Flameless Atomic
Absorption

77
Q

Methods of Glass Analysis

A
  • Spectrograph
  • X-ray analysis
  • Physical properties
  • UV Examination
78
Q

The only adequate method for chemical analysis
Not rapid method

A

Spectrograph

79
Q

Study of diffraction pattern

A

X-ray analysis

80
Q

Most sensitive method in determining differences
in composition of glass

A

Physical properties

81
Q

Examined in a dark room A difference in fluorescence
is indicative of physical and chemical differences

A

UV Examination

82
Q

Glass as evidence in Crime, Forensic chemistry application:

A

a. Automobile glass in cases of hit and run
b. Broken windows caused by pressure, blow or bullets

83
Q

2 Kinds of Glass Fractures

A
  1. Radial Fractures
  2. Concentric Fractures
84
Q

Primary fractures
Resemble spokes of wheel
Radiating outward from the point of impact

A

Radial Fractures

85
Q

Secondary Fractures
Circles around the point of impact
Connecting to one radiating crack to others

A

Concentric Fractures

86
Q

When a force pushes on one side of a plane of glass,
the elasticity of glass permits it to bend in the direction of the
force applied. Once the elastic limit is exceeded,
the glass begins to crack.

A

Breaking of Glass

87
Q

Radial cracks form a Right angle on the Reverse side of the force. Radial cracks are first
commencing on the side of the glass opposite to the destructive force. Stress lines on a concentric crack
will be at right angles to the front. Concentric cracks occur afterwards. Starting on the same side as the
line force.

A

3 R’s Rule

FINALS chem (3 decks)

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