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Biology 2051 > Lecture Final > Flashcards

Lecture Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

number of organisms to colonize 50% of hosts

A

Infectious dose (ID50)

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2
Q

ability of a pathogen to cause disease

A

Virulence

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3
Q

help pathogens attach to host cell

A

adherence factors

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4
Q

outer polysaccharide layer that aids in attachment

A

capsule

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5
Q

help pathogen to invade host tissue (penetrate the epithelium)

A

Invasive factors

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6
Q

can produce hyluronidase

A

some streptococcus and Staphylococcus

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7
Q

breaks down hyluronic acid that holds cells together

A

hyaluronidase

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8
Q

can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen

A

Clostridium

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9
Q

help pathogen grow within host tissue

A

colonization factors

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10
Q

secrete a protein (TcpF) that allows colonization of the small intestine

A

Vibrio cholera

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11
Q

help pathogen avoid phagocytosis

A

Cell surface structure

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12
Q

soluble chemical excreted by viable pathogen

A

exotoxins

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13
Q

causes lysis of host cells

A

Cytolytic toxins

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14
Q

exotoxins that affect the small intestine, causing changes in intestinal permeability that lead to diarrhea

A

Enterotoxins

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15
Q

toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell death

A

Endotoxin

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16
Q

breaks down fibrin clots

A

streptokinase

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17
Q

caused by the erythrogenic toxin (damage the plasma membranes of blood capillaries)

A

Scarlet Fever

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18
Q

autoimmune disease; autoantibodies against S. pyrogens cause damage to heart values

A

Rheumatic Fever

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19
Q

flesh eating bacteria

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

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20
Q

caused by varicella-zoster virus

A

chicken pox

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21
Q

inflammation of the salivary gland

A

mump

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22
Q

caused by a togavirus

A

Rubella

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23
Q

vaccine that can prevent measles, mumps, and rubella

A

MMR vaccine

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24
Q

whooping cough

A

pertussis

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25
Q

masses of fibrin, bacterial cells, and macrophages

A

tubercles

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26
Q

block formation of mycolic acid

A

isoniazid

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27
Q

inhibits RNA polymerase

A

rifampin

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28
Q

the most common of infectious diseases

A

The common cold

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29
Q

caused by the rhinovirus

A

the common cold

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30
Q

caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxovirus

A

influenza

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31
Q

minor change in influenza virus antigens due to gene mutation

A

Antigenic drift

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32
Q

major change in influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment

A

Antigenic shift

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33
Q

converts urea into ammonia

A

urease

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34
Q

produces toxin that causes bloody diarrhea and kidney failure

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC (0157:H7)

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35
Q

most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis)

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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36
Q

on skin due to daily activities, cannot multiply on the skin

A

Transient microbes

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37
Q

reside and multiply on skin

A

resident microbes

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38
Q

few bacteria present due to stomach acids, pancreatic secretions and bile

A

duodenum

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39
Q

common cause of yeast urogentitial infections

A

candida albicans

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40
Q

the active ability of an organism to resist infection

A

immunity

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41
Q

protects against foreign cells and macromolecules

A

immune system

42
Q

foreign cells or macromolecules react with the antibodies

A

antigen

43
Q

substances that induce an immune response

A

immunogen

44
Q

a glycoprotein that recognizes the antigen

A

antibody (immunoglobin)

45
Q

cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles

A

phagocytes

46
Q

first line of defense

A

inate (non-adaptive) immunity

47
Q

the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products

A

adaptive immunity

48
Q

engulf and destroy microbes

A

neutrophils and monocytes

49
Q

differentiates into macrophages or dendritic cells after entering the tissue

A

Monocytes

50
Q

large numbers in blood or at any region on the body indicate active infection

A

neutrophils

51
Q

contain a lot of granules associated with allergies

“alarm” when there is an invasion

A

basophils and mast cells

52
Q

regulate specific immune response, receive information from antigen presenting cells and elicit a response

A

T-cells

53
Q

produce antibodies to bind antigens, help in activation of other T-cells

A

B-cells

54
Q

major defense against viral infected and cancerous cells

A

Natural killer cells

55
Q

promotes the destruction of pathogens by phagocytes

A

Toll-like Receptor proteins

56
Q

destroys peptidoglycan

A

lysozyme

57
Q

peptides which disrupt pathogen’s cytoplasmic membrane

A

Defensins

58
Q

degranulate and release histamine

A

Mast Cells

59
Q

stimulates vessels to open further (vasodilation)

A

histamine

60
Q

make vessels more permeable

A

Prostaglandin

61
Q

immune system responds to body cells as if they were foreign

A

autoimmune response

62
Q

fever inducing

A

pyrogenic

63
Q

protein molecules released by host cells to inhibit the spread of viral infections

A

interferons

64
Q

destroy infected and cancerous host cells

A

natural killer cells

65
Q

creates membrane pores to lyse cell

A

perforin

66
Q

host produces antibodies and T-cells in response to an infection

A

naturally acquired active immunity

67
Q

occurs when antibodies are passed from one host to another

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

68
Q

result of vaccination; host makes antibodies that last for years

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

69
Q

chemically modified exotoxin retains antigenicity but loses toxicity

A

Toxoid

70
Q

has lost its virulence

A

attenuated bacteria/virus

71
Q

host receives antibodies (antiserum) from another host that has formed antibodies against a specific pathogen

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

72
Q

phagocytic cell that present processed antigens to T-cells

A

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

73
Q

undifferentiated T-cells

A

TH0

74
Q

secrete cytokinase which causes proliferation of the Tc Cells

A

TH1 subset

75
Q

plays a crucial role in beta cell activation and antibody production

A

TH2 subset

76
Q

destroy tumor cells, infected cells or damaged cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

77
Q

allows host to respond to second exposure to same antigen quickly

A

T-cell receptors (TCR)

78
Q

on the surface of all nucleated cells; presents intracellular antigens to Tc cells

A

Class 1 MHC Proteins

79
Q

on the surface of cell’s antgen presenting cells; presents extracellular antigens to TH cells

A

Class II MHC Proteins

80
Q

neutralizes antigens

A

agglutination

81
Q

must abundant class of antibodies; only antibody that can be transferred through placenta

A

IgG

82
Q

predominant antibody in secretions

A

IgA

83
Q

low concentration, responsible for allergies

A

IgE

84
Q

second most abundant Ig in blood; first class of antibody made in response to infection

A

IgM

85
Q

found on the surface of B cells; binding of antigen to these antibodies stimulates the B cells to produce other antibodies, mostly IgG

A

IgD

86
Q

predominant antibody produces becomes IgG instead of IgM

A

Isotype switching (class switching)

87
Q

normally harmless substance that cause immune response

A

allergen

88
Q

constriction of airways and drop in blood pressure

A

anaphylactic shock

89
Q

neutralize or counter the effect of histamine

A

antihistamines

90
Q

reduce inflammation

A

steroids

91
Q

counter the effects of histamine

A

adrenalin

92
Q

“allergy shots” shift antibody production from IgF to IgG

A

Desensitization

93
Q

autoantibodies to cardiac cells; damages heart valves

A

Rheumatic Fever

94
Q

autoantibodies to Rh blood group; destroys RBC

A

Hemolytic anemia

95
Q

autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor; causes progressive muscle weakness

A

Myasthenia gravis

96
Q

complexes deposited in joint; inflammation and destruction of cartilage

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

97
Q

complexes deposited in kidney, lungs, and spleen

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

98
Q

autoantibodies against myelin protein; destroys covering of neurons

A

multiple sclerosis

99
Q

autoantibodies against insulin-producing cells in pancreas, prevents insulin production

A

Type 1 Diabetes

100
Q

pathogen proteins that can cause very strong immune response; activate more T-cells than normal (widespread stimulation of immune cells)

A

Superantigens

Biology 2051 (4 decks)

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