lecture final Flashcards
(106 cards)
4 questions on the skull
when you think of neurocranium and viscerocranium think _______
neurocranium(8 total)= big bones: frontal bone, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid.,.. Viscerocranium (14 total)= small bones: Nasal, lacrimal, vomer...
what passes through the supra orbital fissure?
Optic, Trochlear, Abducens, V1 and superior opthalmic vein
what structure lies right below the pterion?
the middle menengial artery
the bregma is the former sight of ______?
the lambda is the former sight of ______?
the asterion is the former sight of _______?
- the anterior fontanel
- the posterior fontanel
- Posterio-lateral fontanel
3 questions on the development of the skull
what is the neurocranium and the viscerocranium derived from?
neurocranium= somites and somitomeres viscerocranium= ectoderm (mainly from the 1st 2 pharyngeal arches)
what are: Scaphocephaly? Plagiocephaly? oxycephaly? craniosyntosis?
- scaphocephaly- premature closure of sagital suture
- plagiocephaly- premature closure of the coronal or lamboid suture on one side only
- oxycephaly- premature closure of the coronal suture
- craniosyntosis- premature closure of the sutures of the skull
what is
Acrania?
Microcephaly?
- acrania- associated with meroanencephaly which results from failure of neural tube to close during 4th week of development
- microcephaly-small brain due to lack of folic acid, normaly ends up on sever retardation
cervical triangles 4 questions
what nerves are located at erbs point?: mid point of the posterior border of the SCM
- lesser occipital (C2), Greater auricular (C2,3), Transverse cervical (C2,3), supra clavicular (C3,4)
what vein drains the scalp and the side of the face?
- External Jugular vein (which ends at subclavian vein)
the infrahyoid muscles are all innervated by the ansa cervicalis(made up of superior root from C1 and a inferior root from descending cervical) (C1-3) except what?
the thyrohyoid muscle which is innervated by C1
the carotid triangle has all the goodies:
cca, eca, ica, IJV, internal and external laryngeal nerves, CN9, 10, 12
what makes up the carotid artery?
the right CCA is a branch of the brachiocephalic artery
the left CCA comes off of the aortic arch
CCA divides in to ECA and ICAat the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
the ______ recieves blood from the brain face and neck and begins at the jugular foramen, it also gives off what tributaries?
Internal Jugular vein
- inferior petrosal sinus, common facial vein, pharyngeal veins, lingual vein, superior and middle thyroid veins
what vein comes directly off of the subclavian vein?
the external jugular vein
what divides the subclavian in to three portions?
the anterior scalene
cervical viscera (4 questions)
what is the arterial supply to the thyroid?
what is the venous drainage to the thyroid?
whats the hormonal regulation?
artery: superior and inferior thyroid
venous drainage: superior and middle thyroid vein- drains in to internal jugular vein
inferior thyroid vein drains in to the brachiocephalic vein
hormonal regulation: hypothalamus, pituitary gland
clinical applications of thyroid issues
hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism: loss of weight, high BP, tachycardia, exophthalmos(swelling behind eye). ex) graves diesease
hypothyroidism: leads to myxedema and cretinism, bradycardia, lethargy, suceptable to cold weather, increase in body weight
what are the clinical considerations for the parathyroid glands/
hypoparathyroidism: hypocalcemic tetany, carpopedal spasm; hyperparathyroidism: hypercalcemia- muscular hypotonia and weakness
what is the extent of the trachea?
starts at lower border of C6 passes through the thoracic inlet and then divides in to primary bronchi at the upper border of T5
- innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
- artery and vein= inferior thyroid
the esophagus is innervated by ?
sympathetic and vagus nerves.
the cervical part of the esophagus recieves blood from the inferior thyroid artery
development of the pharyngeal apperatus (3 questions)
what comes from the pharyngeal arches? first? second? third? fourth and sixth?
1st: malleus, incus, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, muscles of mastication, mandibular division of the trigeminal
2nd: stapes, styloid process, body of hyoid, muscles of facial expression and stapedius, facial nerve
3rd: lower body of hyoid, epiglottis, stylopharyngeus, glossopharyngal nerve
4th and 6: laryngeal cartilages, superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is the 1st endocrine to develop?
the thyroid
(Cranial nerves 12 questions on exam)
Olfactory Nerve (CN 1) tell me about it…
-Sensory-smell-SVA
-fibers penetrate cribiform plate of ethmoid bone to enter olfactory bulb and synapse
-conditions:
Anosmia- loss of smell from aging
Parosmia- distortion of the sense of smell
phantosmia- olfactory hallucinations (smelling something that is not there)
Optic nerve (CN 2)- tell me a bit about it…
- Carries sensation of sight (SSA)
- optic nerve exits eye ball >orbital cavity> optic canal> Cranial cavity
- Conditions:
- right monocular blindness- damage rt. optic nerve
- bitemporal hemianopsia- damage to optic chiasm
- Left homonyous hemianopsia- damage to rt. optic tract