Lecture Final Flashcards
Microscopic Anatomy
The anatomy of things that can’t been seen with the eye need a microscope
Gross Anatomy
The anatomy of things that can be seen with the eye don’t need a microscope
Developmental Anatomy
The study of structural changes from fertilization to maturity
Systemic Anatomy
The study of body structures that work together to perform a function
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium with four layers thin skin five layers thick skin
Five Special Senses
Taste Smell Vision Hearing Equilibrium
Molecules are made of
Atoms
Cells are made of
Molecules
Keratinocytes
Produce keratin tough fibrous protein
Chemical Senses
Smell Olfaction
Taste Gustation
Anatomical Position
Standing upright facing forward arms hanging on the sides palms facing forward feet together
Melanocytes
Produce melanin protect the skin from ultraviolet light
Olfactory Epithelium
The organ of smell that covers the roof of the nasal cavity
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages that ingest foreign substances and activate immune system
Parietal Pluera
Outer layer of a serous membrane lines the thoracic wall
Tactile Merkel Cells
Sensory receptor for touch
Astrocytes
A subtype of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the human central nervous system
Ependymal Cells
Ciliated epithelial cells that develop from radial glia along the surface of the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinating cells of the central nervous system
Microglia
Immune cells of the brain
Taste Buds
Mostly found in the tongue papilla on the tongue mucosa
What contains the taste buds
Fungiform and circumvallate papillae
Cytology
the study of cells for making a diagnosis based on the abnormalities encountered in the anatomical structures of the human body and then correlated to different types of cells.
Embryology
The branch of biology and medicine with the study of embryos and their development
Stratum Basale
Single row of stem cells
Taste Sensations
Sweet Sour Salt Bitter Unami
Sweet
Sugars and some amino acids
Sour
Hydrogen Ions
Salt
Metal Ions
Bitter
Alkaloids
Unami
Savory old meat dirt
Homeostasis
A state of balance and equilibrium among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function properly
Stratum Spinosum
Contain melanin granules and dendritic cells
Muscle Tissue Function
Movement Posturee Joint Stability Heat Production
What needs to happen to taste a food
Must be dissolved in saliva
Contact gustatory hairs
Frontal Plane
Front and Back plane
Sagittal Plane
Left and Right plane
Transverse Plane
Lower and Upper plane
Stratum Granulosum
Consists of one to five layers of epidermal cells keratinocyte appearance changes drastically
Ground Substance
What the extracellular matrix is made of
Stratum Lucidum
Only present in thick skin
Motor Neurons
Multipolar Mutliple Dendrites
Sensory Neurons
2 dendrites
Interneurons
More than one multipolar
Unipolar
One nerve process extending from the cell body an axon that extends into dendrites
Bipolar
A neuron that has two extensions one axon and one dendrite
Multipolar
A type of neuron that has a single axon and many dendrites
Taste is
80% smell
Smallest Unit of Living Things and Why
Cells because it’s the most fundamental building block of every living organism
Stratum Corneum
Keratinized epithelial cells 20 30 layers and makes up three quarters of the thickenss of the epidermis
Dermis
Composed mainly of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers vascularized has two regions
Stored Energy Source Cells Use To Make ATP
Glycogen
Accessory Structures
Eyebrows eyelids conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus extrinsic eye muscles
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus
Papillary Region
Superficial 20% of the dermis contains loose areolar connective tissue
Rectus
Parallel
Oblique
Reaching across your body
Transverse
Midline of the body
Reticular Region
Deeper 80% of dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue
Extensibility
The property of a muscle allowing it to stretch without damage
Conjunctiva
Transparent mucus membrane
Isotopes
Same element same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Melanin
Pigment that helps to protect DNA skin cells from UV radiation by absorbing rays
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath
Lacrimal Apparatus
Tear system
Triglycerides
Store unused calories provide body with energy
Carotene
Yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant foods like carrots accumulates in stratum corneum and fatty tissue
Covalent Bond
Sharing one or more electrons
Ionic Bond
Transfer one or more electrons
Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond between two molecules electrostatic force between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
Hemoglobin
Protein carrying respiratory gases in red blood cells blood cells located in dermal blood vessels cyanosis is due to poorly oxygenated blood
Mixture
Made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically bonded
Compound
A chemical substance composed of many identical molecules containing atoms from more than one chemical element chemically bonded
Pallor
May signify anemia low blood pressure or shock
Contractile Organelles of Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Myofibrils
Three Tunics of the Eye Wall
Fibrous Vascular Sensory
Fluid Humors
Aqueous and Vitreous
Lens and Iris separate the internal cavity
Anterior Posterior Portions
Bronzes
Metallic appearance of the skin could be a sign of Addisons disease
Myofibrils
Basic rod like organelle of a muscle cell
Produce muscle contraction and relaxation
Z Disc
Delineate the lateral borders of sarcomeres and are the smallest functional units in striated muscle
Stabilize actin filament structures
Transfer between sarcomeres
Communication with nucleus
Myosin
a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells
converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.
Actin
a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils
maintaining and controlling cell shape and architecture
Troponin
sarcomeric Ca2+ regulator for striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle contraction
Tropomyosin
a protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue
binds along actin filaments and regulates actin-myosin interaction in muscle and nonmuscle cells
Bruises
Blood escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin
Lipids
fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
Fats are solid oils are liquid
Hypodermis
Also referred to as the subcutenous layer not part of the skin because located deep to the dermis
Sclera
Protects the eye and anchors extrinsic muscles
Cornea
Protects lets light enter the eye while refracting
Carbohydrates
Sugar molecules stored in skeletal muscle as glycogen
Structure of Hair
Flexible strands produced by hair follicles consist of dead keratinized epidermal cells
Aponeurosis
Flat sheets of connective tissue in your body that are similar to tendons
Difference between Aponeurosis and Tendons
An aponeurosis is made of layers of delicate, thin sheaths. Tendons, in contrast, are tough and are rope like
Three Regions of the Vascular Tunic
Choroid Ciliary Body and Iris
Choroid
A brown membrane in the posterior
Supplies blood to all eye tunics
Fibrous Proteins
Contain polypeptide chains organized approximately in parallel along a single axis, producing long fibers or large sheets
Shaft
Portion of hair in which kertinization is complete
What Causes Dark Banding of Skeletal Muscle
The arrangement of the thick myosin filaments across the myofibrils and the cell causes them to refract light and produce a dark band known as the A Band
Ciliary Body
Surrounds the lens
Anchors the suspensory ligament
Ciliary Body
Surrounds the lens
Anchors the suspensory ligament
Ciliary Process makes the Aqueous Humor
Salt
An ionic compound formed during the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base
Root
Keratinization is still ongoing remainder of the hair deep within the follicle
DNA
The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism
RNA
a nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA
DNA base
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
RNA base
adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine
Uracil is only in
RNA
Medulla
core with large cell and air spaces, absent in fine hairs
Concentric
Muscle tension rises to meet the resistance then remains stable as the muscle shortens
Eccentric
When a force applied to the muscle exceeds the momentary force produced by the muscle itself
Rods
Respond to dim light
Used for peripheral vision
Cones
Respond to bright light
Have high acuity color vision
Double Bond
In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond
Cortex
bulky layer surrounding medulla, consists of several
layers of flattened cells
Synapse
The site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells neurons between a neuron and a gland muscle cell effector between neurons target cells sends and receives
Axon Collateral
Side branches on an axon
Dendrite
Processes that extend from the cell bodies of cortical neurons branch process of the neuron transmits electrical potentials toward the cell
