Lab Final Flashcards
Dura Mater
Outermost Tough Covering
Subdural Space
Space beneath the Dura
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer with a spiderweb appearance
Subarachnoid space
Space beneath the arachnoid mater contains cerebrospinal fluid
Pia Mater
Innermost covering tightly adheres to the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum
Thinking and coordinating for response
Longitudinal Fissure
Deep separation between two cerebral hemispheres
Lobes
Each hemisphere is separated into five lobes four of which bear the name of the cranial bone that covers it
Five Lobes
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebrum contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons
Sulcus
Shallow Grooves
Central Sulcus
Groove between the parietal and frontal lobes
Gyrus
Bumps separated by sulci all the gyri and sulci increase cerebral cortex area where higher brain function occur
Precentral Gyrus
Found on the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus motor function
Postcentral Gyrus
Found on the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus sensory function
Corpus Callosum
Neural connection communication between the cerebral hemispheres
Lateral Ventricles
Spaces within each cerebral hemisphere that make and contain cerebrospinal fluid
Gray Matter
Contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons in the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
White Matter
Contain myelinated axons
Diencephalon
Deep to the cerebral hemisphere composed of three main parts
Diencephalon three main parts
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
Thalamus
Sensory relay station
Hypothalamus
Inferior to the thalamus controls the autonomic nervous system for thirst and hunger and controls the endocrine system with hormones
Epithalamus
Posterior and superior part contains the pineal gland
Pineal Gland
Regulates sleep by way of melatonin hormone
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland hanging down from the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system with hormones
Third Ventricle
Spaces in the midbrain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Brianstem
Primitive brain with automatic functions
Midbrain
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Pons
Part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
Medulla Oblongata
Cardiovascular and respiratory reflex center
Fourth Ventricle
Space between the pons and cerebellum filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebellum
Posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum
Contains arbor vitae the tree of life white matter
Functions in balance and muscle coordination
Olfactory Bulb
Contains neurons for cranial nerve I for smell
Optic nerve and optic chiasma
Contains neurons for cranial nerve II for vision from the retina to the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Found in each of the four brain ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord for nourishment and protection
Conus Medullaris
Cone shaped ending of spinal cord
Cauda Equina
Collection of spinal nerves that extend below the conus medullaris
Cross Section and Connections
Has the same meninges and spaces as the brain plus an additional epidural space
Gray Matter Horns
Projections that contain neuron cell bodies and look like a butterfly connect to the spinal nerves
White Matter Columns
Contain axons of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves which are sensory and motor and include two subdivisions
Two Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle
Cranial Nerves
Innervate the head and the neck region
Vagus Nerve
Innervates visceral organs
Spinal Nerves
Innervate the level of the body at their point of exit
Olfactory
Smell
Optic
Vision
Oculomotor
Eye muscle movement
Trochlear
Eye muscle movement
Trigeminal
Sensation from face chewing
Abducens
Eye muscle movementq
Abducens
Eye muscle movement
Facial
Taste Expression
Auditory
Hearing Balance
Spinal Accessory
Head Movement
Hypoglossal
Speech
Cervical Plexus
From cervical spinal nerves
Phrenic Nerve
Innervates the diaphragm triggers inspiration during breathing
Brachial Plexus
From cervical spinal nerves
Lumbar Plexus
From lumbar spinal nerves
Sacral Plexus
From sacral spinal nerves
Sciatic Nerve
Largest nerve of the body travels into the posterior thigh
Reflex Arc
Neural pathway through which a reflex occurs
Sensory Receptor
Site of stimulus action
Sensory Neuron
Transmits signals to the central nervous system by way of the posterior route of the spinal nerve
Posterior routed ganglion contains the cell body of the sensory neuron
Integration Center
Within the central nervous system involves an interneuron
Motor Neuron
Sends signal to the effector by way of the anterior route of the spinal nerve
Effector
Muscle gland that responds to efferent signal contracting secreting
Three layers of the Eye
Fibrous Vascular Sensory
Fibrous Layer
The outermost layer includes the cornea and sclera
Cornea
Transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye for protection and refraction
Sclera
The white part of the eye
Conjunctiva
A thin membrane that covers the anterior sclera
Vascular Layer
Middle layer including the Choroid Ciliary muscle Iris and Pupil
Choroid
Brown and black layer in the back of the eye contains blood vessels
Ciliary Muscle
Encircles the lens to shape the lens for focusing
Sensory Layer
Innermost layer including the Retina Macula and the optic disc
Retina
Only in the posterior of the eye contains the visual sensory receptors called photoreceptors contain rods
Rods
For seeing dim light and black and white
Cones
For seeing color
Macula
Small area in the posterior retina
Fovea Centralis
Contains the highest concentration of cones for most precise vision
Optic Disc
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye also called the blind spot because no photoreceptors are present there
Lens
A curved transparent structure used for refracting light for focusing
Anterior Cavity
Space in front of the lens contains aqueous humor
Aqueous Humor
Watery fluid that nourishes the cornea
Posterior Cavity
Space posterior to the lens contains vitreous humor
Vitreous Humor
Gelatinous material that supports the shape of the eye
Lacrimal Gland
Lateral and Superior to the eye produces tears
Lacrimal Secretions
Tears clean the anterior surface of the eye and drain into the nasolacrimal duct
Nasolacrimal Duct
Where tears are drained into go into the nasal cavity
Refraction
Bending of light around a curved surface allows for focusing of light
Accommodation
Bulging of the lens so you can focus on objects that are closer
Binocular Vision
Requires visual signals from both eyes allowing depth perception
Visual Acuity
Sharpness or clarity of vision eye chart test
Myopic
Eyeball is too long and can’t see far away objects
Farsightedness
Eyeball is too short and can’t see close objects
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the lens or cornea causes distortions in vision
Color Blindness
A genetic condition in which some of the cone types are missing
Glaucoma
Increased pressure in the eye damages the retina and optic nerve
Cataract
Cloudiness of the lens
Outer Ear
The part of the ear outside the tympanic membrane
Auricle
Funnel shaped structure functions to gather sound waves
External Auditory Canal
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Tympanic Membrane
Vibrates according to the frequency and intensity of sound received
Middle Ear
Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
Middle Ear
Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear also called ossicles
Ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
Auditory Tube
Goes from the nasopharynx to the middle ear to equalize pressure from the outside against the tympanic membrane
Inner Ear
Fluid filled chamber holds the sensory receptors for both hearing and equilibrium and sends signals to the brain
Auditory Nerve
Sends signals to the brain
Cochlea
Looks like a snail shell contains the hearing sensory receptors to detect vibrating fluid that moves hairs for sound detection
Vestibule
Central cavity of the inner ear connecting to the cochlea and the semicircular canals it has sensory receptors for positional and linear equilibrium
Semicircular Canals
Contains sensory receptors for rotational equilibrium
Olfactory Epithelium
Located in the roof of the nasal cavity contain the olfactory receptor cells which detect smells and sends the information through the olfactory foramen of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb
Olfactory Foramen
What smell information goes through
Papilla
Where taste buds are located detect taste sensations salt sweet sour bitter with the facial nerve
Facial Nerve
Detects Taste serves the anterior two thirds of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Serves the posterior one third of the tongue
