Lab Final Flashcards
1
Q
Dura Mater
A
Outermost Tough Covering
2
Q
Subdural Space
A
Space beneath the Dura
3
Q
Arachnoid Mater
A
Middle layer with a spiderweb appearance
4
Q
Subarachnoid space
A
Space beneath the arachnoid mater contains cerebrospinal fluid
5
Q
Pia Mater
A
Innermost covering tightly adheres to the brain and spinal cord
6
Q
Cerebrum
A
Thinking and coordinating for response
7
Q
Longitudinal Fissure
A
Deep separation between two cerebral hemispheres
8
Q
Lobes
A
Each hemisphere is separated into five lobes four of which bear the name of the cranial bone that covers it
9
Q
Five Lobes
A
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula
10
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
The outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebrum contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons
11
Q
Sulcus
A
Shallow Grooves
12
Q
Central Sulcus
A
Groove between the parietal and frontal lobes
13
Q
Gyrus
A
Bumps separated by sulci all the gyri and sulci increase cerebral cortex area where higher brain function occur
14
Q
Precentral Gyrus
A
Found on the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus motor function
15
Q
Postcentral Gyrus
A
Found on the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus sensory function
16
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
Neural connection communication between the cerebral hemispheres
17
Q
Lateral Ventricles
A
Spaces within each cerebral hemisphere that make and contain cerebrospinal fluid
18
Q
Gray Matter
A
Contains neuron cell bodies dendrites and unmyelinated axons in the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
19
Q
White Matter
A
Contain myelinated axons
20
Q
Diencephalon
A
Deep to the cerebral hemisphere composed of three main parts
21
Q
Diencephalon three main parts
A
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
22
Q
Thalamus
A
Sensory relay station
23
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Inferior to the thalamus controls the autonomic nervous system for thirst and hunger and controls the endocrine system with hormones
24
Q
Epithalamus
A
Posterior and superior part contains the pineal gland
25
Pineal Gland
Regulates sleep by way of melatonin hormone
26
Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland hanging down from the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system with hormones
27
Third Ventricle
Spaces in the midbrain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
28
Brianstem
Primitive brain with automatic functions
29
Midbrain
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
30
Pons
Part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
31
Medulla Oblongata
Cardiovascular and respiratory reflex center
32
Fourth Ventricle
Space between the pons and cerebellum filled with cerebrospinal fluid
33
Cerebellum
Posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum
Contains arbor vitae the tree of life white matter
Functions in balance and muscle coordination
34
Olfactory Bulb
Contains neurons for cranial nerve I for smell
35
Optic nerve and optic chiasma
Contains neurons for cranial nerve II for vision from the retina to the brain
36
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Found in each of the four brain ventricles and surrounds the brain and spinal cord for nourishment and protection
37
Conus Medullaris
Cone shaped ending of spinal cord
38
Cauda Equina
Collection of spinal nerves that extend below the conus medullaris
39
Cross Section and Connections
Has the same meninges and spaces as the brain plus an additional epidural space
40
Gray Matter Horns
Projections that contain neuron cell bodies and look like a butterfly connect to the spinal nerves
41
White Matter Columns
Contain axons of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts
42
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves which are sensory and motor and include two subdivisions
43
Two Parts of Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic
44
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle
45
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle
46
Cranial Nerves
Innervate the head and the neck region
47
Vagus Nerve
Innervates visceral organs
48
Spinal Nerves
Innervate the level of the body at their point of exit
49
Olfactory
Smell
50
Optic
Vision
51
Oculomotor
Eye muscle movement
52
Trochlear
Eye muscle movement
53
Trigeminal
Sensation from face chewing
54
Abducens
Eye muscle movementq
55
Abducens
Eye muscle movement
56
Facial
Taste Expression
57
Auditory
Hearing Balance
58
Spinal Accessory
Head Movement
59
Hypoglossal
Speech
60
Cervical Plexus
From cervical spinal nerves
61
Phrenic Nerve
Innervates the diaphragm triggers inspiration during breathing
62
Brachial Plexus
From cervical spinal nerves
63
64
Lumbar Plexus
From lumbar spinal nerves
65
Sacral Plexus
From sacral spinal nerves
66
Sciatic Nerve
Largest nerve of the body travels into the posterior thigh
67
Reflex Arc
Neural pathway through which a reflex occurs
68
Sensory Receptor
Site of stimulus action
69
Sensory Neuron
Transmits signals to the central nervous system by way of the posterior route of the spinal nerve
Posterior routed ganglion contains the cell body of the sensory neuron
70
Integration Center
Within the central nervous system involves an interneuron
71
Motor Neuron
Sends signal to the effector by way of the anterior route of the spinal nerve
72
Effector
Muscle gland that responds to efferent signal contracting secreting
73
Three layers of the Eye
Fibrous Vascular Sensory
74
Fibrous Layer
The outermost layer includes the cornea and sclera
75
Cornea
Transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye for protection and refraction
76
Sclera
The white part of the eye
77
Conjunctiva
A thin membrane that covers the anterior sclera
78
Vascular Layer
Middle layer including the Choroid Ciliary muscle Iris and Pupil
79
Choroid
Brown and black layer in the back of the eye contains blood vessels
80
Ciliary Muscle
Encircles the lens to shape the lens for focusing
81
Sensory Layer
Innermost layer including the Retina Macula and the optic disc
82
Retina
Only in the posterior of the eye contains the visual sensory receptors called photoreceptors contain rods
83
Rods
For seeing dim light and black and white
84
Cones
For seeing color
85
Macula
Small area in the posterior retina
86
Fovea Centralis
Contains the highest concentration of cones for most precise vision
87
Optic Disc
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye also called the blind spot because no photoreceptors are present there
88
Lens
A curved transparent structure used for refracting light for focusing
89
Anterior Cavity
Space in front of the lens contains aqueous humor
90
Aqueous Humor
Watery fluid that nourishes the cornea
91
Posterior Cavity
Space posterior to the lens contains vitreous humor
92
Vitreous Humor
Gelatinous material that supports the shape of the eye
93
Lacrimal Gland
Lateral and Superior to the eye produces tears
94
Lacrimal Secretions
Tears clean the anterior surface of the eye and drain into the nasolacrimal duct
95
Nasolacrimal Duct
Where tears are drained into go into the nasal cavity
96
Refraction
Bending of light around a curved surface allows for focusing of light
97
Accommodation
Bulging of the lens so you can focus on objects that are closer
98
Binocular Vision
Requires visual signals from both eyes allowing depth perception
99
Visual Acuity
Sharpness or clarity of vision eye chart test
100
Myopic
Eyeball is too long and can't see far away objects
101
Farsightedness
Eyeball is too short and can't see close objects
102
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the lens or cornea causes distortions in vision
103
Color Blindness
A genetic condition in which some of the cone types are missing
104
Glaucoma
Increased pressure in the eye damages the retina and optic nerve
105
Cataract
Cloudiness of the lens
106
Outer Ear
The part of the ear outside the tympanic membrane
107
Auricle
Funnel shaped structure functions to gather sound waves
108
External Auditory Canal
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
109
Tympanic Membrane
Vibrates according to the frequency and intensity of sound received
110
Middle Ear
Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
111
Middle Ear
Air chamber containing tiny bones that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear also called ossicles
112
Ossicles
Malleus Incus Stapes
113
Auditory Tube
Goes from the nasopharynx to the middle ear to equalize pressure from the outside against the tympanic membrane
114
Inner Ear
Fluid filled chamber holds the sensory receptors for both hearing and equilibrium and sends signals to the brain
115
Auditory Nerve
Sends signals to the brain
116
Cochlea
Looks like a snail shell contains the hearing sensory receptors to detect vibrating fluid that moves hairs for sound detection
117
Vestibule
Central cavity of the inner ear connecting to the cochlea and the semicircular canals it has sensory receptors for positional and linear equilibrium
118
Semicircular Canals
Contains sensory receptors for rotational equilibrium
119
Olfactory Epithelium
Located in the roof of the nasal cavity contain the olfactory receptor cells which detect smells and sends the information through the olfactory foramen of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb
120
Olfactory Foramen
What smell information goes through
121
Papilla
Where taste buds are located detect taste sensations salt sweet sour bitter with the facial nerve
122
Facial Nerve
Detects Taste serves the anterior two thirds of the tongue
123
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Serves the posterior one third of the tongue
