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Bio 112 > Lecture Exam ! Study Guide > Flashcards

Lecture Exam ! Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Classification/organization of the human body

A

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism

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2
Q

All systems

A

Integumentary
(skin, fingernails, hair)- Protection and temp regulation

Skeletal
(Bones)-Protection, Structure, movement

Muscular
(Muscles)- movement

Nervous
(Brain, spinal cord, nerves)- Communication

Endocrine
(Pituitary, Pancreas, Adrenal)- Control and communication

Cardiovascular
(heart and blood vessel) - circulation

Lymphatic
(lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels, splean)- immunity

Respiratory
(Lungs, trachea)- gas exchange

Digestive
(stomach, anus, esophagus, intestines)- ingestion, digestion, absorption, defection

Urinary
(kidney, bladder)- excretion, h20 balance

Reproductive
(testes, ovaries) create offspring

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3
Q

Properties/needs for life:

A

Boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, excretion, reproduction, growth

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4
Q

Concept of homeostasis, What is it? Important parts/steps.

A

means: Equal or stable body conditions
examples: body temp controls
steps: receptor, control center, effector

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5
Q

Negative vs positive feedback

A

(-) shuts off OG stimulus
(+) increases OG stimulus. ex- contractions

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6
Q

Kinetic vs Potential energy

A

kinetic- energy doing work (ATP)
potential- stored energy

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7
Q

Parts of atoms

A

Protons- positive
neurons- no charge
electrons- negative charge
Nucleus- control center
valence shells- holds P+, N0, E-

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8
Q

Common elements in the body.

A

C,H,O (96%),N

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9
Q

Isotopes

A

Same atomic number, different atomic masses
#P+ = E-

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10
Q

Valence electrons

A

help form chemical bonds

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11
Q

Electrons in shells

A

1- 2e-
2-8e-
3-8e-

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12
Q

Covalent

A

stable atoms shared e-

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13
Q

Ionic

A

atoms with electrical charges

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

H+ attracted to each other
ex: water

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15
Q

How dehydration and hydrolysis are used with macromolecules

A

Dehydration- water taken away, molecules, shrink
Hydrolysis- water added to molecule, is destroyed, swells

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16
Q

Characteristics of water:

A

~Cohesion- molecules bind together
~Adhesion- attraction of molecules ex- water
~Surface tension- belly flop
~Universal solvent- can be mixed with anything
~High heat capacity- holds heat well
cushioning
~Polarity- (the hydrogens have a partial positive charge and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge)

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17
Q

Differences between acids and bases

A

Acids: H+>OH-
0-6.9

Bases: H+<OH-
7.9-14

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18
Q

What’s a buffer?

A

chemicals that regulate pH

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

~Monomer: Monosaccharides- 1 simple sugar
~Polysaccharides- 2+ simple sugars
~1:2:1 ratio
~Hydrophilic/polar/phosphorus heads
~Hydrophobic/non-polar/ tails
~Functions: Used for quick energy and storage

20
Q

Lipids

A

~Triglycerides- fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Phospholipids- 2 fatty acids and Phosphorus head
Steroids- (cholesterol) 4 interlocking rings
~Fatty Acids
Saturated- butter
Unsaturated- oil
~Functions- energy storage, form cellular membranes, hormones

21
Q

Proteins

A

Monomer: Amino acids
Polypeptides
peptide bonds
~Functions- provide structure, big source of energy
~Levels of structure-
Primary- 1 stand of amino acids, beads
Secondary- chains of amino acid
Tertiary- single polypeptide
Quaternary- 2+ peptide chains to form protein

22
Q

Enzymes. What are they? What do they do, why are they important?

A

biological catalyst
they increase chemical reactions
Bind substrates at active site to catalyze reactions

23
Q

Nucleic acids

A

~Monomer: Nucleotides
polypeptides
~Characteristics: Nitrogen base, pentose, Phosphate group
~DNA- deoxyribonucletic acid (alpha helix, double strands)
~RNA-ribonucleic acid (single strand)
~ATP-Adenosine triphosphate (energy)

24
Q

What is a cell? What is it’s main parts?

A

smallest unit of life.
Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

25
Q

Membrane transport, How and why it works?

A

~Passive- potential energy (high to low)
simple diffusion- high to low, ex: kool-aid
facilitated diffusion- “assisted” diffusion for large or insoluble lipids
osmosis- the movement of water
filtration- pressure forces water and solutes by fluid

~Active- uses energy ( low to high)
Solute pumps- use ATP to move substance against gradient ex: sodium potassium pumps
Bulk transport- use ATP to move substances in large amounts
Exocytosis-move large amounts of substances outside the cell
Endocytosis- move large amounts of substances into the cell
Phagoxytosis- cell eating
pinocytosis- cell drinking

26
Q

Cell Physiology abilities:

A

metabolize
Digest
Dispose
Reproduce
Grow
Move
Respond to stimulus

27
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure: Protein and RNA
Functions: help assemble proteins using amino acids

28
Q

Centrioles

A

Structure: Rod-shaped
Functions: Directs spindles during cell division

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

Structure: folded tunnels
Functions: detoxes, stores Na, catalyze lipids

30
Q

Cilia

A

Structure: Hair-like
Filaments: helps move cells along

31
Q

Microtuble

A

Structure: rigid poles
Filaments: structural support, used during cell division

32
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Structure: cotton candy
Filaments: structural support, anchors organelles

33
Q

Microfilament

A

Structure: cob webs
Filaments: maintains and changes cell shape

34
Q

Peroxisome

A

Structure: membranes of enzymes
Filaments: detox harmful substance –> hydrogen peroxide–> water

35
Q

Rough ER

A

Structure: folded tunnels with balls
Filaments: make proteins and transport through cell

36
Q

Flagella

A

structure: whip-like
Filaments: propels cells, found in sperm

37
Q

Goli apparatus

A

structure: stack of pancakes (UPS center)
filaments: sorts protein into vesicles

38
Q

Lysosome

A

structure: sphere of digestive enzyme
filaments: “trash man” of the cell, cleans and recycles waste

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

structure: Bean
filaments: cellular respiration, produces ATP

40
Q

Nucleus

A

structure: Big and round
filaments: Holds DNA, control center

41
Q

Microvilli

A

structure: tiny finger folds
filaments: absorption, increases surface area, found in small intestines and plasma membrane

42
Q

Plasma membrane

A

structure: barrier around cell
filament: protects cell

43
Q

cytoplasm

A

structure: fluid inside cells
filament: holds and cushions organelles

44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

internal framework of cells

45
Q

Enzyme functions

A

structural- Collagen
transport- Hemoglobin
defense-Antibodies
Catalysts-Enzymes

46
Q

Organic vs Inorganic compounds

A

Organic:
any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon
ex- salts

Inorganic:
a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds

Bio 112 (13 decks)

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