Lecture Exam ! Study Guide Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

Classification/organization of the human body

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism

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All systems

Integumentary
(skin, fingernails, hair)- Protection and temp regulation

Skeletal
(Bones)-Protection, Structure, movement

Muscular
(Muscles)- movement

Nervous
(Brain, spinal cord, nerves)- Communication

Endocrine
(Pituitary, Pancreas, Adrenal)- Control and communication

Cardiovascular
(heart and blood vessel) - circulation

Lymphatic
(lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels, splean)- immunity

Respiratory
(Lungs, trachea)- gas exchange

Digestive
(stomach, anus, esophagus, intestines)- ingestion, digestion, absorption, defection

Urinary
(kidney, bladder)- excretion, h20 balance

Reproductive
(testes, ovaries) create offspring

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Properties/needs for life:

Boundaries, movement, metabolism, responsiveness, excretion, reproduction, growth

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Concept of homeostasis, What is it? Important parts/steps.

means: Equal or stable body conditions
examples: body temp controls
steps: receptor, control center, effector

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Negative vs positive feedback

(-) shuts off OG stimulus
(+) increases OG stimulus. ex- contractions

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Kinetic vs Potential energy

kinetic- energy doing work (ATP)
potential- stored energy

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Parts of atoms

Protons- positive
neurons- no charge
electrons- negative charge
Nucleus- control center
valence shells- holds P+, N0, E-

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Common elements in the body.

C,H,O (96%),N

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Isotopes

Same atomic number, different atomic masses
#P+ = E-

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Valence electrons

help form chemical bonds

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Electrons in shells

1- 2e-
2-8e-
3-8e-

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Covalent

stable atoms shared e-

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Ionic

atoms with electrical charges

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Hydrogen bonds

H+ attracted to each other
ex: water

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How dehydration and hydrolysis are used with macromolecules

Dehydration- water taken away, molecules, shrink
Hydrolysis- water added to molecule, is destroyed, swells

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Characteristics of water:

~Cohesion- molecules bind together
~Adhesion- attraction of molecules ex- water
~Surface tension- belly flop
~Universal solvent- can be mixed with anything
~High heat capacity- holds heat well
cushioning
~Polarity- (the hydrogens have a partial positive charge and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge)

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Differences between acids and bases

Acids: H+>OH-
0-6.9

Bases: H+<OH-
7.9-14

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What’s a buffer?

chemicals that regulate pH

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Carbohydrates

~Monomer: Monosaccharides- 1 simple sugar
~Polysaccharides- 2+ simple sugars
~1:2:1 ratio
~Hydrophilic/polar/phosphorus heads
~Hydrophobic/non-polar/ tails
~Functions: Used for quick energy and storage

Lipids

~Triglycerides- fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Phospholipids- 2 fatty acids and Phosphorus head
Steroids- (cholesterol) 4 interlocking rings
~Fatty Acids
Saturated- butter
Unsaturated- oil
~Functions- energy storage, form cellular membranes, hormones

Proteins

Monomer: Amino acids
Polypeptides
peptide bonds
~Functions- provide structure, big source of energy
~Levels of structure-
Primary- 1 stand of amino acids, beads
Secondary- chains of amino acid
Tertiary- single polypeptide
Quaternary- 2+ peptide chains to form protein

Enzymes. What are they? What do they do, why are they important?

biological catalyst
they increase chemical reactions
Bind substrates at active site to catalyze reactions

Nucleic acids

~Monomer: Nucleotides
polypeptides
~Characteristics: Nitrogen base, pentose, Phosphate group
~DNA- deoxyribonucletic acid (alpha helix, double strands)
~RNA-ribonucleic acid (single strand)
~ATP-Adenosine triphosphate (energy)

What is a cell? What is it’s main parts?

smallest unit of life.
Nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Membrane transport, How and why it works?

~Passive- potential energy (high to low) simple diffusion- high to low, ex: kool-aid facilitated diffusion- "assisted" diffusion for large or insoluble lipids osmosis- the movement of water filtration- pressure forces water and solutes by fluid ~Active- uses energy ( low to high) Solute pumps- use ATP to move substance against gradient ex: sodium potassium pumps Bulk transport- use ATP to move substances in large amounts Exocytosis-move large amounts of substances outside the cell Endocytosis- move large amounts of substances into the cell Phagoxytosis- cell eating pinocytosis- cell drinking

Cell Physiology abilities:

metabolize Digest Dispose Reproduce Grow Move Respond to stimulus

Ribosome

Structure: Protein and RNA Functions: help assemble proteins using amino acids

Centrioles

Structure: Rod-shaped Functions: Directs spindles during cell division

Smooth ER

Structure: folded tunnels Functions: detoxes, stores Na, catalyze lipids

Cilia

Structure: Hair-like Filaments: helps move cells along

Microtuble

Structure: rigid poles Filaments: structural support, used during cell division

Intermediate filament

Structure: cotton candy Filaments: structural support, anchors organelles

Microfilament

Structure: cob webs Filaments: maintains and changes cell shape

Peroxisome

Structure: membranes of enzymes Filaments: detox harmful substance --> hydrogen peroxide--> water

Rough ER

Structure: folded tunnels with balls Filaments: make proteins and transport through cell

Flagella

structure: whip-like Filaments: propels cells, found in sperm

Goli apparatus

structure: stack of pancakes (UPS center) filaments: sorts protein into vesicles

Lysosome

structure: sphere of digestive enzyme filaments: "trash man" of the cell, cleans and recycles waste

Mitochondria

structure: Bean filaments: cellular respiration, produces ATP

Nucleus

structure: Big and round filaments: Holds DNA, control center

Microvilli

structure: tiny finger folds filaments: absorption, increases surface area, found in small intestines and plasma membrane

Plasma membrane

structure: barrier around cell filament: protects cell

cytoplasm

structure: fluid inside cells filament: holds and cushions organelles

cytoskeleton

internal framework of cells

Enzyme functions

structural- Collagen transport- Hemoglobin defense-Antibodies Catalysts-Enzymes

Organic vs Inorganic compounds

Organic: any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon ex- salts Inorganic: a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds