Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

Functions of Skeletal System. Types of bone.

Answer 1

Supports the body, protects soft organs, store minerals and fats, blood cell formation.

Types:
compact
spongey

Question 2

Bone growth and remodeling

Answer 2

Bone growth:
Articular cartilage grows at the end of the bone
Cartilage is replaced and turns into compact bone (has bony matrix)
Cartilage grows at eh Epiphyseal plate (until 25 and after)

Remodeling:
Bone is reabsorbed by osteoclasts
bone starts to grow width wise ( appositional growth)
osteoblast add bone matrix to diaphysis, osteoclasts remove bone from the inner surface of diaphysis

-Bone growth is controlled by hormones

Question 3

Ossification

Answer 3

-the process of bone formation
-occurs on hyaline cartilage or fibrous membranes

Question 4

Osteoblast

Answer 4

cell building.
-cover hyaline cartilage with bone matrix

Question 5

osteoclasts

Answer 5

bone destroying.

Question 6

Endochondral vs appositional growth

Answer 6

• bone development from hyaline to cartilage
• increases the diameter of bones (compat)

Question 7

Stages of fracture repair:

Answer 7

1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
   (matrixes and collagen fibers splint the broken bone)
3. Bony callus forms (using osteoclast/blasts)
4. Bone remodeling occurs

Question 8

Common types of fractures:

Answer 8

Comminuted- bone breaks into 3+ fragments
Compression_ Bone is crushed
Depressed-Broken bone is pushed inwards
Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other
Spiral- ragged break occurs when excessive twisting
Greenstick- Bone breaks incompletely (1/2 way broken, not completely in 2)

Question 9

The 4 bone shapes

Answer 9

Long- femur
short- carpals
Flat- ribs
Irregular- IVD

Question 10

Long bone terminology:

Answer 10

Diaphysis- shaft
Epiphyseal plate- flat plate of hyaline cartilage
Epipyseal line- remnant of epiphyseal plate
Periosteum- covers diaphysis
Epipysis- spongey bone with thin compact bone layer
Endosteum- inner surface of shaft
Medullary cavity- cavity inside shaft

Question 11

Characteristics of muscle types:

Answer 11

smooth- single, no striations
cardiac- branching chain of cells, striations
skeletal- single long, cylindrical multinucleate cells, striated

Question 12

Muscle layers and structure:

Answer 12

-Endomysium- enclosed in 1 muscle fiber
-Perimysium- wraps around a roll of muscle fibers
-Epimysium- covers entire skeletal muscle
-Fascia- outside of epimysium

Question 13

Sarcomere terminology:

Answer 13

-Myofibril- bundles of myofilaments
-Myofilaments- produces bands
- Z disc- midline
- A band- dark band
-I band- light band
-Sarcolemma- specialized plasma membrane
Thick= myosin Thin= actin

Question 14

Neuromuscular Junction:

Answer 14

association site of axon terminal

Question 15

Physiology of neuromuscular junction:

Answer 15

Twitch- single, brief, jerky contraction
Summation- one contraction that is followed by another
Unfused/Incomplete- smooth contractions, no relaxation
Fused/ Complete- greater muscle tension, all motor units are active and stimulated

Question 16

Contraction terminology:

Answer 16

isotonic- myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
Isometric- tension, muscles don’t shorten. No ATP

Question 17

the 3 way ATP is generated:

Answer 17

Aerboic:
supplies ATP, goes through oxidative phosphorylation, glocuse is broken into 32 ATP, slower reaction, delivers O2 and nutrients

Anaerobic:
breaks down glucose w/o O2, glucose is broken down into 2 ATP, pyruvic acis => lactic acid, fast reaction with a lot of glucose

Direct Phosphorylation:
ATP –> ADP, CP transfers Phosphate group to ADP –> ATP, 1 ATP per CP

Question 18

Organization of Nervous system:

Answer 18

CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (spinal and cranial nerves)
Sensory division (carry info to CNS)
Motor division (carry impulses away from CNS to muscles)
Somatic Nervous (voluntary)
Automatic Nervous (Involuntary)

Question 19

Types of neuroglia and functions:

Answer 19

Astrocytes- control chemicals in brain
Microglia- Dispose of debris
Ependymal- line cavities of brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes- myelin sheaths
Schwann Cells- forms myelin sheath around nerves in PNS
Satellite cells- protect and cushion cell bodies

Functions:
1) sensory input- gathers info
2) Integration- interprets input and decides
3) Motor output- a response, activates muscle glands

Question 20

Neuron structure and function:

Answer 20

Cell body
Dendrites -conduct impulses toward the cell body
Axon- conducts impulses away from cell body
Synaptic cleft- gap between axon terminals and neuron
Synapse- functional junction between nerves
Myelin- speeds nerve impulse transmission
Myelin Sheath- speeds up nerve impulse