Lecture Exam 4 Review Flashcards
Adductor muscles in voice production
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
interarytenoid muscle
Abductor muscles in voice production
posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
What happens to vocal folds to increase pitch?
they lengthen by the cricothyroid muscle
What happens to vocal folds to decrease pitch? What muscle does this?
they shorten by the thyroarytenoid muscle
What happens during inhalation
lung pressure decreases
lung volume increases
diaphragm contracts
thoracic diameter widens
What happens during exhalation
lung pressure increases
lung volume decreases
diaphragm relaxes
thoracic diameter narrows
Inspiratory area (dorsal respiratory group)
- location
- function
location: medulla oblongata
function: resting breathing rate
Expiratory area (ventral respiratory group)
- location
- function
location: medulla oblongata
function: usually dormant
Pneumotaxic area
- location
- function
location: pons
function: inspiratory area inhibitor
Apneustic area
- location
- function
location: pons
function: inspiratory area stimulator
Cells of innate immunity
neutrophils
macrophages
monocytes
dendritic cells
basophils
eosinophils
natural killer cells
mast cells
Cells of adapative immunity
T-cells
B-cells
natural killer cells
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
Antibody-mediated immunity is performed by
B-cells
Function of plasma cells
produce and secrete antibodies during antibody-mediated immunity
IgG antibody
activates complement system, phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins
IgA antibody
provides localized infection protection
IgM antibody
promotes agglutination and lysis of microbes
IgE antibody
binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from granulocytes
IgD antibody
activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors
Cell-mediated immunity is performed by
T-cells
pre-T-cells are produced in the ____ and mature in the ____
red bone marrow, thymus
function of helper T-cells (CD4)
produce cytokines such as interleukin-2
function of interleukin-2
stimulates activity of cytotoxic T-cells
function of cytotoxic T-cells
recognize and destroys infected cells
Neutrophils are the
first cells at the site of INFLAMMATION
Natural killer cells are the
first cells at the site of INFECTION
Stages of inflammation
vasodilation and increased blood permeability
phagocytes arrive
tissue repair
Primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow and thymus
