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anatomy and physiology 1 > lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

lecture exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the skeletal system is composed of?

A

bones and joints

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2
Q

the connective tissue (i.e., bone tissue): matrix composed of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite ground substance

A

Bone,

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3
Q

gives strength under tensile forces

A

Collagen:

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4
Q

: inorganic mineral substance (containing calcium), giving strength under compressive forces

A

Hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

the organ: composed primarily of bone tissue + other types of connective tissue, as well as nervous and epithelial tissues

A

Bone,

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6
Q

Function of the skeletal system

A

A. Provides structure, support, and protection
B. Essential for locomotion and movement
C. Site of blood cell formation (i.e., hematopoiesis)
D. Storehouse for some inorganic minerals, especially calcium
E. Indicator of sex, age, height, weight, geographic ancestry, and (to some extent) medical history

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7
Q

bone shaft; primary center of ossification

A

Diaphysis:

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8
Q

often associated with area of articulation with another bone or site of strong muscle attachment; secondary center of ossification

A

Epiphysis:

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9
Q

connecting diaphysis and epiphysis; composed of hyaline cartilage

A

Epiphyseal plate (aka, disk):

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10
Q

membranes covering outer and inner bone surfaces, respectively

A

Periosteum and endosteum:

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11
Q

cavity at the center of a long bone

A

Medullary cavity (aka, marrow cavity):

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12
Q

typically, covering bone where it articulates with other bones; composed of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage:

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13
Q

Types of mature bone tissue

A
  1. Spongy (aka, cancellous or trabecular) bone

2. Compact (aka, cortical) bone, composed of osteons (aka, Haversian systems)

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14
Q

concentric layers of bone tissue

A

Lamellae:

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15
Q

, containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Central (aka, osteonic or Haversian) canal

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16
Q

holes found between lamellae

A

Lacunae:

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17
Q

passageways connecting lacunae to each other and to the central canal

A

Canaliculi:

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18
Q

connecting central canals to each other

A

Perforating (aka, communicating or Volkmann’s) canals:

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19
Q

found underlying articular cartilage, making up facet surface

A

Subchondral bone:

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20
Q

lay down new bone tissue, located within central canal and within the periosteum (deep layer) and endosteum

A

Osteoblasts:

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21
Q

destroy bone tissue; large and multinucleated – originate from the fusion of several monocytes

A

Osteoclasts:

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22
Q

a bone remodels its shape in response to the forces traveling through it

A

Wolff’s Law:

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23
Q
  1. Intramembranous (aka, dermal) bones: top of the skull + clavicle
  2. Endochondral (aka, cartilaginous) bones: bones of skull base + all postcranial bones, including part of clavicle
A

Types of bones, (bone growth) developmentally

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24
Q

Ontogenetic process in endochondral bone growth

A
  1. Process starts with template/model formed of hyaline cartilage
  2. Cartilage disintegrates and excavates interior of the template; blood vessels invade, bringing undifferentiated connective tissue cells
  3. Connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone
  4. At the same time, the periosteum forms; osteoblasts in the deep layer of the periosteum form compact bone
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25
Q

a. Growth between epiphysis and diaphysis (interstitial growth)

A

i. Blood vessels invade ends of bone as well, which become secondary ossification centers
ii. Epiphyseal plate: zone of hyaline cartilage remaining between primary and secondary ossification centers, site of active growth
iii. Growth ceases when epiphyseal plate ossifies

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26
Q

Increase in overall size (appositional growth)

A

i. New compact bone is deposited by osteoblasts just below the periosteum
ii. Osteoclasts at inner bone surface destroy bone tissue and enlarge the medullary cavity (if present); remodel compact bone/spongy bone interface

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27
Q

Ontogenetic process in intramembranous bone growth

A
  1. Membrane forms around blood vessels
  2. Undifferentiated connective tissue cells around blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone
  3. At the same time, the periosteum forms; underlying connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts which start forming compact bone below periosteum
  4. Remaining growth takes place via process resembling appositional growth
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28
Q

Nutritional and hormonal disorders

A

a. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy

b. Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults)

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29
Q

excess of secretion leads to bone tissue thinning and weakening

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH):

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30
Q

i. Excess of growth hormone in children leads to gigantism; in adults, to acromegaly
ii. Deficit of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism

A

Pituitary growth hormone

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31
Q

Trauma and injury:

A

fracture

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32
Q

bone broken but skin is not broken

A

Simple:

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33
Q

bone breaks through the skin

A

Compound:

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34
Q

bone is fragmented

A

Comminuted:

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35
Q

bone is compressed or telescopes into itself

A

Compression:

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36
Q

incomplete fracture + bending of bone, common in children

A

Greenstick:

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37
Q

tendon or ligament pulls bone away at site of attachment

A

Avulsion:

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38
Q

Healing of fracture

A

a. Fracture hematoma formed from ruptured blood vessels
b. Soft callus forms
c. Hard callus forms by mineralization and remodeling of soft callus d. Remodeling of hard callus to mature bone

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39
Q

the reduction in bone density due to deossification, most prevalent in middle-aged and elderly women

A

Aging: osteoporosis,

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40
Q

articulations are composed of

A

A. Bones
B. Cartilage: hyaline and/or fibrocartilage
C. Fibrous [aka, dense] connective tissue

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41
Q

articulations are classified by

A

A. Degree of movement

  1. Synarthrosis: immovable
  2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable
  3. Diarthrosis: freely movable
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42
Q

bones fastened together by thin bands of fibrous (i.e., dense regular) connective tissue

A

Fibrous:

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43
Q

joint consists of broad fibrous band to form interosseous ligament; movement classification = amphiarthrosis

A

Syndesmosis:

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44
Q

only between flat bones of the skull (sutural ligament); movement classification = synarthrosis

A

Suture:

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45
Q

articulation between tooth root and bony socket (periodontal ligament); movement classification = synarthrosis

A

Gomphosis:

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46
Q

: connection consists of hyaline and/or fibrocartilage

A

Cartilaginous

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47
Q

bones united by a plate of hyaline cartilage; movement classification = synarthrosis

A

Synchondrosis:

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48
Q

bone articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to a thick pad of fibrocartilage; movement classification = amphiarthrosis

A

Symphysis:

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49
Q

space between articulating bones filled with synovial fluid

A

Synovial:

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50
Q

Freely movable; movement classification =

A

diarthrosis

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51
Q

Articular ends of bone covered with thin layer of hyaline cartilage

A

(i.e., the articular cartilage)

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52
Q

Joint encased in joint (aka, articular)_______

A

capsule

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53
Q

(aka, fibrous layer/membrane, capsular ligament): thick, fibrous outer layer contiguous with periosteum of bones

A

Fibrous joint capsule

54
Q

thin inner layer covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces

A

Synovial membrane:

55
Q

secreted by synovial membrane, filling synovial (aka, joint) cavity

A

Synovial fluid:

56
Q

fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces

A

Articular disk (e.g., meniscus of knee):

57
Q

closed fluid-filled sac

A

Bursa:

58
Q

globular/spheroidal surface of one bone articulates with a cup-shaped surface of another bone; triaxial

A

Ball-and-socket (aka, spheroidal):

59
Q

convex oval-shaped surface of one bone articulates with a concave elliptical surface of another bone; biaxial

A

Condyloid (aka, ellipsoidal):

60
Q

articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits complementary surface of another; biaxial

A

Saddle (aka, sellar):

61
Q

articulating surfaces are nearly flat; nonaxial

A

Gliding (aka, arthrodial):

62
Q

convex cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with concave cylindrical surface of another; uniaxial

A

Hinge (aka, ginglymoidal):

63
Q

cylindrical pin of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament; uniaxial

A

Pivot (aka, trochoidal):

64
Q

Synovial joint movements

A

A. Angular
B. Circular
C. Special movements

65
Q

Movements within a sagittal plane of the body

A

a. Flexion, extension, and hyperextension

b. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion: at the talo-crural (ankle) joint only

66
Q

Movements within a coronal plane of the body

A

a. Abduction and adduction

67
Q

movement of body part around its own long axis

A

Rotation:

68
Q

________ and _______ at the proximal radio-ulnar joint

A

Supination and Pronation

69
Q

movement in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively fixed

A

Circumduction:

70
Q

movements of the sole of the foot medially or laterally, respectively

A

Inversion and eversion:

71
Q

movement of a body part upwards or downwards, respectively

A

Elevation and depression:

72
Q

movement of a body part forward or backward, respectively, parallel to the horizontal surface

A

Protraction and retraction:

73
Q

displacement of a bone within a joint; partial (subluxation) or total (luxation)

A

Dislocation:

74
Q

overstretching or tearing of connective tissue (primarily, ligaments) associated with a synovial joint

A

Sprains:

75
Q

inflammation of a bursa

A

Bursitis:

76
Q

a. Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints
b. Characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane
c. Typically bilateral, affecting small joints of the hands and feet
d. Genetic in nature; relatively early age of onset

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

77
Q

a. Progressive degeneration of synovial joints through ‘wear and tear’
b. More likely to affect high-use joints, large weight-bearing joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma
c. Relatively late age of onset
d. Often associated with development of accessory bone at periphery of joint facets

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

78
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system

A
  1. Movement (movement of body parts, transport of materials)
  2. Stabilization (body postures, organ function)
  3. Thermogenesis (predominantly skeletal muscle)
79
Q

what are the general characteristics of the musicular system

A
  1. Possess irritability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity
  2. Composed of elongated cells
  3. Capable of repair/healing, but not necessarily replacement by cell division
80
Q

3 types of muscles

A

A. Skeletal (aka, voluntary or striated)
B. Smooth (involuntary and non-striated)
C. Cardiac (involuntary and striated)

81
Q

Location: somatic/skeletal muscles, upper part of _______ ,________

A

esophagus, diaphragm

82
Q

Repair and regeneration: cells cannot ______ , but can be replaced; repair process aided through ________

A

divide

hypertrophy

83
Q

Multinucleated (originate through the ______ of several myoblasts)

A

fusion

84
Q

A single muscle cell/fiber is surrounded by an ________

A

endomysium

85
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is called a_______ , and is surrounded by a ________

A

fascicle

perimysium

86
Q

A group of______ makes up the ______ , and is surrounded by an ________

A

fascicles
muscle
epimysium

87
Q

At the ends of the muscle, the _______, _________, and __________ come together to form ______ _____, which attach the _____ __ _______

A

endomysium, perimysium,
epimysium
muscle tendons
muscle to bone

88
Q

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma:

89
Q

a continuation of the sarcolemma, extending into the interior of the muscle fiber, surrounding the myofibrils

A

Transverse tubules (aka, T tubules):

90
Q

specialized endoplasmic reticulum, forms a tubular network around the myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum:

91
Q

large chambers of sarcoplasmic reticulum encircling the myofibril, on either side of the transverse tubule; storage of calcium ions

A

Cisternae:

92
Q

unit of a transverse tubule and flanking cisternae encircling a myofibril

A

Triad:

93
Q

made up of microfilaments, arranged into sarcomeres

A

Myofibril:

94
Q

_____ filaments, made up primarily of the protein ______

A

Thin, actin

95
Q

_____ filaments, made up primarily of the protein _____

A

Thick, myosin

96
Q

stabilize the position of the thin and thick filaments (structural proteins), or regulate the interactions between the thin and thick filaments (regulatory proteins)

A

Other proteins:

97
Q

the functional unit of muscle contraction

A

Sarcomere:

98
Q

dark band, primarily made up of thick filaments

A

A band:

99
Q

center of the A band, made up of structural proteins holding the thick filaments in place

A

M line:

100
Q

lighter zone on either side of the M line, contains only thick filaments

A

H zone:

101
Q

overlapping zone of thin and thick filaments

A

Zone of overlap:

102
Q

light band, made up entirely of thin filaments

A

I band:

103
Q

boundary between two sarcomeres, made up of structural proteins holding the thin filaments in place

A

Z line:

104
Q

Sarcolemma is stimulated by signals (i.e., an action potential) from the_____ _______

A

nervous system

105
Q

sudden change in electric charge of the cell membrane

A

Action potential:

106
Q

Action potential travels through the _____ ______ to the _________

A

transverse tubules,

myofibrils

107
Q

Action potential triggers release of calcium ions from the _______, positioned over the ____ __ _______ of the __ ______

A

cisternae,
zone of overlap
A band

108
Q

______ _____ cause exposure of binding sites on the ____ _______ of the _____ _____

A

Calcium ions
actin molecules
thin filaments

109
Q

______ binds to myosin and causes the _____ _______ to slide past the ____ ________, toward the M line, resulting in ________ of the muscle fiber

A

Actin
thin filaments
thick filaments
contraction

110
Q

Muscle contraction _____ when the nervous system signal______

A

stops

ceases

111
Q

i. Action potential stops traveling through the transverse tubules
ii. Calcium ions are pumped back into the cisternae
iii. Thin filaments stop sliding toward the M line
iv. Sarcomere returns to resting length under passive stretching of the muscle

A

contraction stops

112
Q

primary muscle responsible for specific joint movement

A

Agonist (aka, prime mover):

113
Q

muscle which produces opposite action to the agonist

A

Antagonist:

114
Q

muscle which assists the agonist

A

Synergist:

115
Q

when muscles contract under circumstances where little/no muscle shortening can occur

A

Isometric:

116
Q

contractions where muscle fibers change length

A

Isotonic:

117
Q

muscle is shortened

A

Concentric:

118
Q

overall length of muscle increases during a contraction

A

Eccentric:

119
Q

muscle wasting (i.e., decrease in muscle size and/or strength)

A

Atrophy:

120
Q

fibers become smaller in diameter and less elastic; healing process slows

A

Aging:

121
Q

a painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain

A

cramp

122
Q

smooth muscles are located?

A

visceral organs, blood vessels, lower part of esophagus, skin, spleen

123
Q

smooth muscles have what type of nucleus

A

single centrally located nucleus

124
Q

sheets of fibers with numerous connections between fibers; all fibers contract as a single unit

A

Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle:

125
Q

fibers loosely organized; individual cells must be stimulated separately

A

Multiunit smooth muscle:

126
Q

smooth muscles repair and regenerate through

A

hyperplasia, and hypertrophy

127
Q

cardiac muscles are located?

A

Location: heart (myocardium layer), roots of great vessels adjoining the heart

128
Q

cardiac muscle has what type of nucleus?

A

single centrally located

129
Q

shape of cardiac muscle

A

a. Thin/actin and thick/myosin filaments arranged into sarcomeres, which produces a striated appearance
b. Branching cells arranged end to end, with cells interconnected and branching in complex networks
c. Cells connected by intercalated discs which transmit impulses between cells
i. Functional syncytium: stimulation in one part of net causes contraction within whole unit

130
Q

heart functions in the absence of nervous or hormonal input

A

Autorhythmicity:

131
Q

Repair and regeneration of cardiac muscle :

A

cells cannot divide or be replaced; repair accomplished only through hypertrophy

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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