lecture exam 1 Flashcards
study of the body structure/ morphology
anatomy
anatomy of the systems of the body; organized by organ systems
systemic anatomy
an approach to anatomic study based on regions, parts, or divisons of the body
regional anatomy
study of external features of the body. deals with anatomical fratures that can be studied by sight (topographic)
surface anatomy
technique used to study structures beneath the skin
palpation
study of cells
cytology
study of tissues
histology
study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span, from conception to death
developmental anatomy
conception through birth and up to first year of life
embryology
comparison of structures between animals
comparitive anatomy
study of the functions of the body. chemical reactions within the body
physiology
is the biological study of the activities which take place in a cell to keep it alive.
cell physiology
is the study of the function of the body’s systems.
systemic physiology
study of disease processes
pathological physiology
study of drug actions in the body
pharmacological physiology
method of investigation by cutting open
dissection
method of investigation by use of a microscope
microscopy
method of investigation by x-ray
radiography
method of investigation by cat scans or ct scans
tomography
method of investigation that uses high frequency sound waves
ultrasound
method of investigation that uses radioactive isotopes
scintigraphy
method of investigation that uses magnets and radiowaves
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
basic structure and function in living organisms
cell
levels of organizations
atoms, molecules, organelles
aggregation of similar cells joined to perform a specific function
tissue
4 types of tissue
epithelial, nerve, muscular, connective
a structure consisting of 2 or more tissues that perform a specific function
organ
a group of organs which function together
organ system
how many organ systems are in the human body?
11
system consists of skin, hair, and nails.
integmentary system
this system forms basic framework of the body
skeletal system
system responsible for movement of skeleton and the maintenance of body posture. has 3 types. (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal)
muscular system
made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
nervous system
system contains numerous glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities such as growth, reporoduction, metabolism, and water balace
endocrine system
system consist of heart, and blood vessels
circulatory system
system is made up of lymph nodes
lymphatic system
system responsible for breathing (lungs)
respiratory system
comprised of organs designed to ingest food and break it down
digestive system
system contains kidneys and other organs to excrete waste via urine
urinary system
is made up of organs and structures that enable humans to reproduce
reproductive system
maintenance of a stable, constant internal bodily environment
homeostasis
closed loop
negative feedback
spiral
positive feedback
standing erect, with palms and toes facing forward
anatomical position
separates body into right and left halves
sagittal
sagittal plane along the midline of the body
Midsagittal
separates the body into front and back (frontal)
coronal
separates the body into top and bottom (horizontal)
transverse
a cut perpendicular to the long axis of the structure
cross section
a cut parallel to the long axis of the structure
longitudinal section
a cut at an oblique angle to the long axis of the structure
oblique section
above toward the head
superior
below towards the feet
inferior
toward the front of the surface of the body
ventral (anterior)
toward the back surface of the body
dorsal (posterior)
toward the midline of the body
medial
away from the midline of the body
lateral
at the midline of the body
median
refering to 2 sides along the longitudinal axis
bilateral
on the same side of the body
ipsilateral
on different sides of the body, along a longtiduinal axis
contralateral
closer to the trunk
proximal
further away from the point of attatchment
distal
closer to the body of the surface, away from the core of the body/ further away the body surface, towards the core of the body
superficial/deep
partitioned by the diaphragm; contaiins viscera
ventral cavity
associated with lungs
pleural cavity
associated with the heart
pericardial cavity
associated with the brain
cranial cavity
asssociated with the spine
vertebral cavity
cavities associated with the face
oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear (otic)
equals the # of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
equals the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
atomic mass
atoms with the same number of protons
elements
atoms of an element with differeing numbers of neutrons
isotopes
dependent upon the number of electrons in the outer shell
inert vs. reactive elements
electrons are either accepted or given away
ionic bond
cations and anions
cations(+) anions(-)
electrons are shared between two different bonds
covalent bonds
intramolecular or intermolecular bonds
hydrogen bonds
large compounds are broken down into smaller ones; catabolism
decomposition rate
smaller compounds are combined into larger ones; anabolism
synthesis reaction
a+b= ab or ab+cd= ac+bd
exchange reaction
ac+bd=ab+cd
reversible reaction
reactions in which a water molecule is taken away or added, respectively
dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolisis
dependent upon reactant concentration, temperature, pH and the presence or absence of catalyst, among other things. spped it takes for reaction to occur
reaction rate
has carbon (chains)
organic matter
contains no carbon small 12-15 atoms
inorganic matter
a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH
pH of 0-6.9 has more hydrogen ions
acidic solution
pH of 7.1-14 has more hydrogen ions
basic solution
soluble inorganic molecules which will conduct an elctrical current
electrolytes
water participates in many of the reactions within the body
chemical reactivity
water is slow to heat up and slow to cool down
thermal stability
water molecules cling readily to one another; surface tension
cohesion
inorganic bases contain__________
hydroxyl ions
inorganic substance (sodium, potasium)
minerals
3-7 carbon atoms glucose and fructose “simple sugars”
monosachirrides
2 molecules with the same chemical formula but different shape
isomers
2 monosacchirides combined together
disacchirides
3 or more monosacchirides bound together (hydrophobic)
polysaccharides
structural element of the cell wall of plants (fiber)
cellulose
long chains of glucose strung together (how plants store energy)
starch
highly branched chains of glucose
glycogen (animal starch)
carbohydrates bonded to protiens, or lipids (glycolipids, and glycoprotiens)
conjugated carbohydrates
composed of a long carbon chain with a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group at the end
fatty acids
molecule composed entirely of single bonds between adjacent carbons vs. the presence of one or more double bonds between adjacent carbons
saturated vs unsaturated
one vs two or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms
monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated
fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule
glycerides
cholesterol and some hormones
steroids
a diglyceride attached to a non-lipid group via a phosphate group; amphiphillic
phospholipids
a diglyceride attached to a carbohydrate; amphiphillic
glycolipids
proteins contain_____, _____, _____, ______
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Composed of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds; essential vs non-essential amino acids
protiens
primary, secondary, teritary, and quaternary
protein structure
biological catalysts of the body
enzymes
combination of protien and carbohydrate molecules (glycoproteins, and proteoglycans)
conjugated proteins
basic unit of nucleic acid, composed of 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)+ phosphate group + nitrogenous base)
nucleotide
dna bases _____ _______ ______ ______
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
rna bases _____ ______ _______ ______
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
the main high energy compound of living systems; energy is stored in covalent binds between adjacent phosphate groups and released when the bond is broken
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
double layer of phospholipids (plasma membrane) with large globular protein molecules scattered throughout. also regulates substance passage into and out of cell
cell membrane
passive movement of water from regions of high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane
osmosis
particle concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell
tonicity
equal concentrations outside vs inside
isotonic
greater outside vs inside
hypertonic
lower outside vs inside
hypotonic
forced movement of luid across a membrane whose pores restrict the passageof slolutes based on their size
filtration
movement of a substance across the cell membrane by means of a protein carrier
carrier mediated transport
passive movement along a concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
ATP driven movement against a concentration gradient
active transport
transports substances into the cell
endocytosis
vesicular movement of fluids
pinocytosis
vesicular movement of extracellular substances
phagocytosis
transports substances out of the cell
exocyotosis
fluid medium within which cellular organelles are suspended
cytosol (in cytoplasm)
complex network of interconnected membranes, forming sacs and canals.
transports and stores materials within cell
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attached to surface, associated with protein production
rough ER
no associated ribosomes; associated with lipid production
smooth ER
Spherical particles of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA); fixed vs free ribosomes.
synthesize proteins
ribosomes
stack of interconnected flattened, membraneous sacs usually located near the cell nucleus.
processes protein molecules for secretion
golgi aparatus
membranous sacs
storage and transport compartments
vesicles
double membraned, elongated sac, with inner partitions
cell’s power plant site of ATP production
Mitochondria
typically, tiny membranous sacs
digestion of nutrients and foreign particles
lysosomes
microfilaments and microtubles
thin threadlike rods and tubes
cell support and movement
cytoskeleton
