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CLT > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the development of blood forming tissues in the embryo?

A

starts in the yolk sac (mesoblastic phase), then transitions to the liver and spleen (hepatic phase), and finally to the bone marrow (myeloid phase)

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2
Q

Where is the development of blood forming tissues in adults?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

How long does mesoblastic hematopoiesis last in embryo?

A

hematopoiesis in the yolk sac usually occurs between 2-3 weeks of embryonic development and can last up to 8 weeks

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4
Q

How long does hepatic hematopoiesis last?

A

Hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen usually occurs 6 weeks after gestation

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5
Q

When does myeloid hematopoiesis start?

A

It can start as early as the 20th week after gestation

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6
Q

How does the hematopoietic system change from birth to adulthood?

A

Once myeloid hematopoiesis starts, it focuses mainly on red bone marrow and as you get older it turns into yellow marrow and lymph nodes; about 50% of adult’s bone marrow is yellow

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7
Q

How does cellularity relate to yellow and red bone marrow?

A

cellularity describes the density of hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells within the marrow space.

Yellow has less and Red has more

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8
Q

Where in the hematopoietic system should I target if I want to obtain a sample?

A

The 3 top cites to get a sample of hematopoietic tissue is the ribs, the pelvis, and the sternum

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9
Q

What is the exact order of maturing in blood cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells -> Progenitor cells -> Precursor cells -> Mature blood cells

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10
Q

What terms do we use when we are talking about the maturing sequence of blood cells?

A

Differentiation - totipotent (any cell type), pluripotent (can be most types of cells)
Commitment - they are fully committed to the type of cell they have been differentiated into

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11
Q

What are the stages of committed stem cells?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
-> Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) -> Granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) -> Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors (MEPs).

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12
Q

What are the growth factors for stem cells?

A

Cytokines

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13
Q

Cytokines

A

messengers of the immune system

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell suicide

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15
Q

Name the initiators of apoptosis

A

Bcl-2

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16
Q

Name the inhibitors of apoptosis

A

IAP

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17
Q

Aneuploidy

A

abnormal number of chromosomes in the cell and can lead to cancer

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18
Q

Name and describe the 4 phases of the genereal cell cycle

A

G0 - outside of the cell cycle
G1- cell growth and synthesis
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - second gap before mitosis
M - Mitosis (Karyokinesis) and Cytokinesis

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19
Q

What stages of the general cell cycle is happening during the interphase of mitosis?

A

G1, S, G2

20
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Division of cell nucleus

21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

22
Q

Mitogens

A

a protein that initiates mitosis

23
Q

What are the two major regulatory protein classes?

A

Cdk(s) and Cyclin(s)

24
Q

What are cyclins?

A

complexed regulatory protein that includes D123, E, A, B

25
Q

What are Cdks?

A

Cyclin dependent kinases that include Cdk 4, 6, 2, and 1

26
Q

How are the two protein classes associated with each stage of the the cell cycle?

A

Through each stage there is a different combo of cyclins and cdks

27
Q

Name the Cyclin CDK combination for G1

A

Cyclin D1, D2, D3 and CDK 4 and 6, Cyclin E and CDK 2

28
Q

Name the Cyclin CDK combination for S stage

A

Cyclin A Cdk 2

29
Q

Name the Cyclin CDK combination for Mitosis

A

Cyclin B, Cdk 1

30
Q

What happens to the protein classes during the final regulation of the cell cycle?

A

Cyclin/Cdk are inhibited by proteins

31
Q

What are the inhibtors of the cell cycle?

A

proteins (p) specific to stopping cyclin/cdk where the number of the protein indicates the molecular weight (in thousands)

32
Q

What is the Bcl-2 Protein Family?

A

This family decided the fate of the cell. 6 prevent apoptosis (Bcl-d) and 14 are pro apoptosis (e.g BAX)

33
Q

What does IAP mean?

A

Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins meaning they down regulate apoptosis

34
Q

Caspases

A

cysteine protease enzyme that act as molecular scissors towards proteins so the proteins can be recycled and reused

35
Q

Phosphorylation

A

a process where a small chemical group called a phosphate gets added to a protein and changes the behavior of the protein

dephosphorylation turns the protein back to normal function

36
Q

Ubiquitin

A

a molecular tagger that marks proteins for recycling or helps regulate various activities within the cell. It’s a crucial player in maintaining the health and function of cells in your body.

37
Q

APAF - 1

A

Apoptic pepridase activating factor

38
Q

What popular disease can too much Bcl-2 cause?

A

Leukomeia

39
Q

Whats the stem cell’s role in hematopoiesis?

A

Balancing proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis

40
Q

Hematopoietic precursor cells

A

HSC (stem), HPC (progenitor), Maturing cells

41
Q

Asymetric division in stem cells

A

one daughter like the parent (self-renew) and the other different by leaving

42
Q

Progenitor cells

A

cant self renew but they can differentiate

43
Q

CFU-GEMM

A

Colony forming unit, granulocytes, erythroid, macrophage, and megakaryotecyte

44
Q

T-cells

A

Involved in cellular immunity, directly attack infected or abnormal cells.

45
Q

B-cells

A

Involved in humoral immunity, produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

46
Q

Name the polypeptide chains present during hematopoeisis

A

Empryonic - Zeta chains, Epsilon chains
Fetal - gamma chains
Adult - Beta, alpha, delta chains

CLT (6 decks)

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