Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the two parts to a logarithm?
Mantissa ( the decimal part) and characteristic (whole number);
What is a mantissa in terms of scientific notation?
The coefficient in scientific notation
Whats the rule for sigfigs when working with logs?
The sigfigs rule only applies to the mantissa ONLY based on the amount of sigfigs in the characteristic
Log 10 =
1.00
How to determine the log of a number in scientific notation?
add the log coefficient and whatever exponent the 10 with has
What happens when you divide logs?
Subtract the log of the denominator from the log of the numerator
What is a logarithm with a negative exponent equal to? (log g^-h)
Multiplying the negative exponent by the log of the number( -h x log g)
What are the two parts to a dilution?
The sample and the diluent
What is another name for the diluent?
The solvent
What is the formula for simple dilution?
sample volume/sample volume + diluent volume OR sample volume/total volume
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Serum is a result a clotted sample where plasma has clotting factors
Serial dilutions vs Multiple dilutions
serial dilutions includes same dilution amount for each tube in the series and multiple dilutions include different amounts per tube
Whats the point of a serial dilution?
To reach the final dilution of a sample needed for a test
How to find the concentration of a diluted tube?
Divide sample volume from dilution factor
What is a titre?
The last measurable reaction of a dilution
What does it mean if someone has a low titre?
It means the person is not immune to disease that was being tested
Saturated solution
Saturated solution is when the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent at a specific temperature; the solution is at equilibrium
Supersaturated solution
when the solution needs a change in temperature in order for the solute to dissolve more than usual; the solution is out of equilibrium
Examples of Solvent
Saline/water; the diluent; the liquid the solute is dissolving into
Example of Solute
salt, sugar, the sample being diluted
What are the 3 parts the molarity of a solution is composed of?
The gram weight of the solute, the solute’s gram molecular weight, solvent quantity
How to find the mole?
Gram weight of the solute divided by its gram molecular weight
How to find the molecular weight of a compound?
the sum of the atomic weights of all the elements in the compound
How to find the amount of grams to make a molar solution?
M= (g / gmw) / L; g= (M x L) gmw
How would you prepare a molar solution of a compound?
Weigh the amount of grams needed of that compound for the amount of moles needed in the solution, place it into 1L of water in a volumetric flask, let the grams dissolve, fill the rest of the flask with water until qs
Normality accounts for how many ____ per liter
equivalent weights
Molarity accounts for how many ____ per liter
moles
When do you deal with valences?
when dealing with normality
What are valences?
the number of electrons an atom can lose or gain
Whats the formula to convert temperatures to Kelvin?
C + 273.15
Whats the formula to convert temperatures to Farenheit?
°F=(1.8 x°C) + 32
Whats the formula to convert temperatures to Celsius?
°C= (°F - 32 ) 5/9
Solute
any substance being dissolved into another substance
Solvent
substance that dissolves solute to form solution
Equivalence
point in titration at which the amount of titrant added is just enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution
Whats the formula to solve concentration with Molality?
(g of solute / GMW of solute ) / kg of solvent
Osmolarity
(number of particles in a solute) (molar concentration)
% Solutions concentrations
(Mass of solute / volume of solution ) x 100
Whats the formula to solve concentration with Molarity?
(grams of the compound/ gram molecular weight of the compound)/ Y in liters solution
Procedure for preparing serial dilutions
determine the dilution and how many tubes needed, add 1 ml of solution to each tube and divide the concentration by the dilution factor
Procedure for preparing multiple dilutions
move 1 ml to each tube and multiply the resulted concentration as you go to each tube 1/5, 1/2,1/4,1/5, 1/10
How to calculate the concentration of a solution after mixture of solutions?
Divide by the factor
Equivalent weight
the amount of replaceable H+ or OH − ion or charge for the element or compound
Amount of valences in Al
+3
Amount of valences in Ca
+2
Amount of valences in C
+4 (most used), +2, -4
Amount of valences in Cl
+7, +5, +3, +1, -1 (most used)
Amount of valences in Cu
+2 ( most used), 1
Amount of valences in H
+1, -1
Amount of valences in I
+7, +5, +1, -1(most used)
Amount of valences in Fe
+3, +2
Amount of valences in Pb (lead)
+4, +2
Amount of valences in Li (Lithium)
-1
Amount of valences in Mg
+2
Amount of valences in Mn (Manganese)
+2 (most used), +4, +7
Amount of valences in Hg (mercury)
+2 (most used), +1
Amount of valences in Mo (Molybdenum)
+6 (most used), +4, +3
Amount of valences in Ni
+2
Amount of valences in N
+5 ( most used), +4, +3, +2, +1, -3 ( most used)
Amount of valences in O
-1, -2 ( most used)
Amount of valences in P
+5 (most used), +3, -3
Amount of valences in K
+1
Amount of valences in Ag (silver)
+1
Amount of valences in Na
+1
Amount of valences in S
+6 (most used), +4, +2, -2 (most used)
How to calculate gram equivalent weight?
GMW/Valence
Compare ratio and dilution
1:2 ratio = 1 to 3 dilution
Titre
the last diluted tube to get a positive reaction from a disease that is being tested
Whats the formula to solve concentration with Normality?
( # g of solute / gram equivalent wgt ) / liters in solution
formula for dilution factor
tv / sv
How to find the original concentration of a serial diluted sample?
Multiply the dilution factor by the final diluted sample
Whats the interconversion formula between molarity and normality?
Normality = Valence x Molarity
number of equivalent weights
normality x volume (in L)
Formula for % w/w
g of solute / 100 g of solution
Formula for % w/v
g of solute / 100 ml of solution
Formula for % v/v
ml of solute / 100 ml of solution
convert % calculations to molarity
% w/v formula = X g / 1 L (1000ml) CROSSMULTIPLY; plug weight into molarity formula
What is a 1 molal solution (1 mole of solute in 1 kg of solvent ) similar to?
1 molar solution ( 1 mole of solute per 1 L of solution)
Will the mensicus of a molal solution be higher or lower than the molar solution?
Higher
Whats another term of Normality?
Eq/L
