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Human Anatomy 1 BIO241 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What two cell types make up neural tissue?

A

neurons(nerve cells)
neuroglial cells

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2
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?

A

central nervous system comprises the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Where, in the body, are these two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS = brain and spinal cord
PNS = nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

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4
Q

What is the difference between a cranial nerve and a spinal nerve?

A

Cranial nerves = vision, sense of the smell, hearing, sense of taste and eye movements
Spinal nerves = movement, sensation and sweat secretion

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5
Q

What is the difference between the afferent and the efferent division?

A

afferent/sensory division transmits from peripheral organs to the CNS.
efferent/motor division transmits from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action.

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the efferent division of the nervous system, and what do they do?

A

somatic nervous system =a subdivision of your PNS = allows you to move and control muscles
autonomic nervous system = regulates involuntary heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

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7
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

What is the difference between unipolar/bipolar/multipolar neurons?

A

Unipolar neurons have one axon
Bipolar neurons have an axon and one dendrite
Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and a single axon

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9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

site of communication between a nerve cell and some other cell

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10
Q

How many cells are involved in a synapse, and what do these cells do?

A

two cells
pass messages to communicate

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11
Q

Where are neurotransmitters found (under resting conditions)?

A

synaptic vesicles

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12
Q

How do cells communicate (using the synapse)?

A

Electrical
Chemical

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13
Q

What types of cells are presynaptic and postsynaptic cells?

A

presynaptic = releases neurotransmitter
postsynaptic = receives a signal

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14
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons, and what do they do?

A

excitatory, inhibitory or modulatory

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15
Q

Difference between somatic and visceral with regards to sensory and motor neurons

A

somatic sense the environment
visceral respond by regulating vital functions

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16
Q

Be able to name the types of neuroglia in the PNS (s,s) and the CNS (a,m,e,o), and their functions

A

PNS = Schwann cells and satellite cells
CNS= astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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18
Q

What does myelin look like?

A

protective sleeve

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19
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

grey = 40%, contains most cells, process and send info
white = 60%, bundles that connect, senory info

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20
Q

What is the difference between a graded potential and an action potential?

A

Action = over long distances
potentials = summed together

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21
Q

hich two regions is the spinal cord diameter the largest? Why?

A

lumbar vertebral group
carry most of the body’s weight

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22
Q

What are dorsal roots and ventral roots, and what is contained in each?

A

ventral roots = motor neurons to exit the spinal cord
dorsal roots = sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord

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23
Q

What are the three layers of the spinal meninges? PAD

A

inner layer = pia mater
middle layer = arachnoid
tough outer layer = dura mater

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24
Q

Where is CSF located in relation to these?

A

over the surface of the brain and down the length of the spinal cord

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25
Where is the epidural space?
vertebral column
26
What divides the spinal cord into R vs. L?
anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus
27
Where is the gray and white matter in the spinal cord?
grey matter = hornlike structure white matter = surrounding sections of the spinal cord
28
Where is the gray and white matter in the spinal cord?
29
What is a benefit of organization of spinal cord gray matter? MSV
muscle movement sensory information vibration
30
identify central canal, horns, and anterior median fissure/posterior median sulcus on a drawing.
31
What types of nuclei are contained in various gray matter regions? IPN
interneurons projection neurons
32
What are gray commissures?
part of spinal area X
33
Identify the three columns of the white matter on a drawing
34
What do these white matter columns contain?
axon tracts related to specific functions
35
What are ascending tracts and descending tracts?
ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain Descending tracts carry motor information, like instructions to move the arm
35
What are ascending tracts and descending tracts?
ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain Descending tracts carry motor information, like instructions to move the arm
36
How many spinal nerves are connected to each segment of the spinal cord?
31 pairs
37
What are the three connective tissue layers around each nerve? EPE
endoneurium perineurium epineurium
38
What are the functional differences between the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve?
dorsal roots carry afferent sensory axons ventral roots carry efferent motor axons
39
What is a dermatome, and what is the clinical significance of dermatomes?
areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine
40
what is the clinical significance of dermatomes?
help a healthcare provider detect and diagnose conditions or problems affecting your spine, spinal cord or spinal nerves
41
What is a nerve plexus?
a bundle of intersecting nerves
42
What regions of the body do the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses innervate?
cervical plexus = head, neck and shoulders brachial plexus = chest, shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands lumbar plexus = back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves sacral plexus = pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet
43
What is a reflex?
an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus
44
What are some examples of peripheral effectors?
muscles and glands
45
What is a reflex arc/what are the steps of a reflex arc? RSIME
46
What is the general effect of a reflex response?
Coughing, yawning and blinking of eyes
47
What is the main difference between a spinal and a cranial reflex?
Cranial directly from the brain Spinal from the spin
48
How many ventricles are there in the brain? Where are they located?
How many ventricles are there in the brain? 1 in each cerebral hemisphere 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon 4th hindbrain
49
What separates the two lateral ventricles? What are they filled with?
lined by ependyma filled with CSF
50
What things are present that protect the brain?
Three layers of membranes known as meninges
51
What are the three cranial meninges?
pia mater arachnoid dura mater
52
Where is cerebrospinal fluid made? What are its functions?
located within the ventricles of the brain help cushion them from injury and provide nutrients
53
What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier, and what forms it?
shield the brain from toxic substances
54
Which brain region is continuous with the spinal cord (just superior to the spinal cord)?
Medulla Oblongata
55
What are the three groups of nuclei contained in the medulla oblongata? MPS
main motor nucleus parasympathetic nucleus sensory nucleus
56
What does the pons do?
brainstem, a structure that links your brain to your spinal cord. It handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing
57
What does the cerebellum do?
controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions
58
What does the midbrain control?
motor movement and reflexes
59
What is the corpora quadrigemina, and where is it contained?
the four collicul two inferior, two superior located on the tectum of the dorsal aspect of the midbrain
60
What are the parts of the corpora quadrigemina, and what do the different parts do?
the four collicul two inferior, two superior reflex centers involving vision and hearing
61
What are the three parts of the diencephalon? P123
prosomere 3 prosomere 2 prosomere 1
62
Where is the pineal gland located, and what is the purpose of the pineal gland?
in the middle of the human brain body's melatonin production
63
Where is the thalamus, and what it its function?
in the middle of your brain hearing, taste, sight and touch from your body to your brain
64
Functions of the hypothalamus
area of the brain that produces hormones Body temperature Heart rate Hunger Mood
65
Which brain areas are part of the limbic system? AHTHBC
amygdala hippocampus thalamus hypothalamus basal ganglia cingulate gyrus
66
What are some functions of the limbic system?
emotion behaviour motivation long-term memory
67
What are the functions of the amygdala and the hippocampus?
amygdala = input and processing of emotion hippocampus = declarative or episodic memory
68
Where is the gray and white matter located in the cerebrum?
white matter is found in the inner layer of the cortex gray matter in the spinal cord
69
Which is the longitudinal fissure and the cerebral cortex?
70
What is the purpose of the gyri?
segregate brain areas and enhance the surface area and cognitive abilities of the brain
71
What are the three categories of axons in white matter? CAP fibers What does each category do?
commissural fibers - connect the corresponding regions of the two hemispheres within each hemisphere association fibers - connect the various cortical regions projection fiber - connect the cortex and lower parts of the brain
72
What are the basal nuclei (ganglia)? What do they do?
a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
73
What separates the motor and sensory regions of the cerebral cortex?
The central sulcus
74
Where is the precentral gyrus?
frontal lobe
75
Where is the postcentral gyrus
parietal lobes between the central sulcus and postcentral sulcus
76
Where are the visual cortex, the auditory cortex, the olfactory cortex, and the gustatory cortex?
77
What is the importance of Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, and the prefrontal cortex?
production and comprehension of speech
78
What are the specializations of each brain hemisphere?
right hemisphere excels at more holistic and coarse processing of information left excels at more analytic and fine-grained processing of information
79
What does an EEG do?
measure the electrical activity of the brain
80
What are the four types of brain waves that may be observed, and what do they indicate? BATD
beta - Anxiety dominant, active, external attention, relaxed alpha - Very relaxed, passive attention theta - Deeply relaxed, inward focused delta - Sleep
81
Be able to name the cranial nerves in order (by number and name)
olfactory nerve optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve trigeminal nerve abducens nerve facial nerve vestibulocochlear nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve
82
Overall, what does the ANS do?
regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
83
Basic difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?
sympathetic nervous system controls your body's “fight or flight” parasympathetic nervous system helps to control your body's response during times of rest
84
What’s the difference between the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems?
somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities autonomic nervous system consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart
85
Which neurotransmitters are involved in sympathetic activation? NEA
norepinephrine epinephrine acetylcholine
86
Which cranial nerves have preganglionic fibers associated with the parasympathetic NS?
3, 7, 9, and 10
87
What makes a sense “special” vs. not special?
the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them
88
What is the purpose of the eyelids?
Protection and lubrication
89
What is the purpose of the eyelashes?
dust catchers, protecting the eye from debris that can obstruct vision or cause infection or injury
90
What/where are the tarsal glands?
the inner surfaces of the eyelids, between the tarsi and conjunctiva produce meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film
91
What is the conjunctiva? What does it produce, and for what reason?
the clear, thin membrane that covers part of the front surface of the eye production of mucus and tears.
92
What is the cornea, where is it, and what does it do?
The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside
93
What is the purpose of the lacrimal apparatus?
makes new tears and drains old ones out of your eyes
94
What are the structures of the lacrimal apparatus? ALLN
acrimal glands lacrimal canaliculi lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duc
95
What is the purpose of tears?
keep your eyes wet and smooth, and help focus light so you can see clearly
96
What is contained in tears?
salt, fatty oils, and over 1,500 different proteins
97
What is the outermost layer of the eye, and what does it consist of?
the sclera (the white of the eye) the cornea (the clear dome at the front of the eye)
98
What is the purpose of the fibrous layer of the eye?
Protects the eyeball and maintains its shape
99
What are the components of the vascular layer of the eye? ICC What is it's function?
iris ciliary body choroid oxygen supply and nutrition for the eye
100
What happens when pupillary muscles contract?
increases (dilates) pupil size
101
What controls the pupillary muscles?
parasympathetic nervous system
102
where is the ciliary body? What does it do?
behind the iris makes the clear fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris
103
What/where is the choroid? What does it do?
middle layer of the wall of the eye, between the sclera and the retina bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye
104
What are the components of the inner layer of the eye?
the retina
105
What are the two types of photoreceptors? What eye structure are they located in?
rods and cones the retina
106
What are the two types of photoreceptors? What eye structure are they located in?
rods and cones the retina
107
How do the two photoreceptors differ in function?
Rod cells are highly sensitive to light and function in nightvision cone cells are wide spectrum of light photons and colour vision
108
Why don’t we notice our blind spot?
our brain can usually fill in the information that we are missing based on the other things around the blind spot
109
What divides the eye into anterior and posterior cavities?
The lens
110
Describe the circulation of aqueous humor. What is the purpose of the fluid pressure in the eye?
provides nutrition to the eye, as well as maintains the eye in a pressurized state measurement of the fluid pressure in your aqueous humor
111
Where is the lens?
behind the iris
112
What holds lens in place? What is the purpose of the lens, and what allows it to do this?
small tissue strands or fibres (zonules) extending from the inner wall of the eye
113
How does astigmatism happen?
when your cornea or lens has a different shape than normal

Human Anatomy 1 BIO241 (8 decks)

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