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Human Anatomy 1 BIO241 > Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1, Chapters 1-5) > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1, Chapters 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

Define the terms anatomy and physiology. How are they related?

A

Anatomy studies the structures of the body and their relations to one another.

Physiology studies the function of the body – how the structures carry out their life-sustaining activities.

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2
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

balance body systems
needed to survive amd function correctly

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3
Q

Describe homeostasis a generic control mechanism. (RCE)

A

A receptor, integrating center, and effector

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4
Q

Explain intrinsic (autoregulation) and extrinsic regulation mechanisms that the body uses to maintain homeostasis. Give an example of each.

A

Intrinsic regulate blood flow throughout the body Ex: heart = own heart rate

extrinsic influence blood flow to the skeletal muscles. Ex: nervous systems

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5
Q

Give an example (physiological) of a negative and positive feedback mechanism.

A

positive feedback are contractions in child birth

negative feedback examples regulation of blood glucose levels and sweating

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6
Q

Examples of things that might disturb an organism’s homeostasis? (be specific)

A

disease, toxins, and environment

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7
Q

Understand anatomical position

A
  1. positioning of the body when it is standing upright
  2. facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body
  3. the palms facing forward
  4. legs are parallel
  5. feet flat on the floor and facing forward
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8
Q

What directional terms are there

A

Anterior
Posterior

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9
Q

What directional terms are there

A

Medial
Lateral

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10
Q

What directional terms are there

A

Superior
Interior

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11
Q

What directional terms are there

A

Proximal
Distal

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12
Q

Name this part of the skeleton

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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13
Q

Name this part of the skeleton

A

Axial Skeleton

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14
Q

Name this anatomical plane

A

Transverse

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15
Q

AName this anatomical plane

A

Sagittal

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16
Q

Name this anatomical plane

A

Frontal

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17
Q

Name these body cavities

A

orange - cranial
dark orange - vertebral
back black line - dorsal
purple - thoracic
pink - abdominal
green - pelvic

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal pericardium?

A

to line the inside of the fibrous pericardium

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19
Q

What is the purpose of having two membrane layers (visceral and parietal) surrounding the lungs?

A

protect and cushion the lungs

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20
Q

What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Cranial (skull)
Frontal (forehead)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital (base of skull)
Oral (mouth)
Orbital/ocular (eyes)

A

Head and neck

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21
Q

What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Axillary (armpit)
Costal (ribs)
Deltoid (shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Pectoral (chest)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Sternal (breastbone)
Vertebral (backbone)

A

Thorax

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22
Q

What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Abdominal (abdomen)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Inguinal (bend of hip)
Lumbar (lower back)
Pelvic (area between hipbones)
Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)
Pubic (genitals)
Sacral (end of vertebral column)

A

Abdomen

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23
Q

What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Antebrachial (forearm)
Antecubital (inner elbow)
Brachial (upper arm)
Carpal (wrist)
Cubital (elbow)
Digital (fingers/toes)
Manual (hand)
Palmar (palm)

A

Upper extremity

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24
Q

What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Crural (shin, front of lower leg)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (front of knee)
Pedal (foot)
Plantar (arch of foot)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf, back of lower leg)
Tarsal (ankle)

A

Lower extremity

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25
What is a group of cells performing the same function, plus their surrounding matrix? The whole bang!
Tissue
26
What are two or more tissue types performing a common function
Organ
27
What are a group of organs together meeting a common goal (i.e. digestive system digesting food)
Organ system
28
What are these called?
supine prone
29
What is partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs and the heart
Mediastinum
30
What is each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans?
Pleura
31
Difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins
Integral proteins are permanently in the cell membrane peripheral proteins attach and detach from the cell membrane at different times
32
What are three functions the membrane proteins do? (AEC)
Anchoring proteins Enzymes catalyze reactions Channels to pass water
33
What does the nucleus do?
its the brain & carries the DNA
34
Define the functions of the 5 types of organelles.
Mitochondria - power house Golgi - transports proteins Endoplasmic - synthesizes & processes protiens Lysosome - enzymes Ribosomes - protien synthesis
35
What does “membrane permeability” mean?
the passive diffusion rate
36
Describe the permeability of a cell membrane.
selectively permeable
37
Describe all the different types of diffusion across cell membranes (S,C,A,P)
Simple - diffuse on through on their own. Channel-mediated - proteins w/small pores can allow small Active transport requires energy Passive transport does not require energy
38
What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Osmosis - the movement of water molecules through the cell Diffusion - the movement of molecules in and out of a cell
39
What is the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?
Osmolarity is total solute concentration Tonicity is how the concentration affects the cell
40
What are the three different variations of tonicity, and what might a cell do when placed in each environment? (IHH)
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
41
Since all of your cells/my cells contain the same genes, how is a nerve cell different from, for instance, a skin cell?
Certain genes are turned on and off neurons need different proteins
42
What are all the material located between the plasma membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus
Cytoplasm
43
Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble/insoluble proteins, waste products.
Cytosol
44
Subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
organelle
45
Movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules
Osmosis
46
Is the process of capturing a substance
Endocytosis
47
Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.
Exocytosis
48
The development of specific cellular features
Cell differentiation
49
SWhere in the body do you find epithelial tissue?
Cover internal, external and exposed surfaces (blood vessel walls, respiratory)
50
Describe polarity of epithelia
the exposed surface = apical surface the not exposed base = basal surface
51
What are the epithelial tissue functions (PCSS)
1. Physical protection 2. Control permeability 3. Sensation 4. Specialized secretions
52
What is the special function of epithelia with microvilli on their apical surfaces?
aids nutrient absorption
53
Where in the body might you find these epithelia cells with microvilli on their apical surfaces?
respiratory and digestive tract
54
How about with cilia?
aid movement of mucus
55
What factors allow the epithelium to be a protective barrier?
1. Intercellular connections 2. Attachment to the basement membrane 3. Maintenance and repair
56
Why are intercellular connections so important in epithelia?
help the basal surface of epithelium to bind the basal membrane
57
Which types of connections are more prominent in different types of epithelia? (TGD)
Tight junctions Gap junctions Desmosomes
58
How do epithelia maintain and repair themselves?
through continual division of stem cells
59
Where are epithelial stem cells located?
the basement membrane (on the basal surface)
60
Simple is....
single layer absorption and diffusion
61
Squamous is...
multiple layer protect what lies beneath
62
Cuboidal is...
Cubes absorption and excretion
63
Columnar is...
Long like columns protection stomach and digestive tract
64
What is the role of transitional epithelium?
repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling bladder
65
Endocrine glands...
release secretions directly into the bloodstream
66
Exocrine Glands...
watery secretion containing enzymes
67
Name connective tissues
68
What are the three basic elements of any connective tissue? (CPG)
1. cells 2. protein 3. ground substance
69
Name at least four specific functions of connective tissue.
framework for the body transporting fluids protecting storing energy
70
Name at least five cell types that might be found in the matrix of connective tissue proper.
Fibroblasts Fibrocytes Adipocytes Macrophages Mast cells
71
What three types of fibers are found in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers
72
Which fiber is flexible but strong. Found in tendons and ligaments. Long and straight.
Collagen fibers
73
Which fiber is different arrangement—thinner, more branched, Stabilizes cell, organ, blood vessel positions
Reticular fibers
74
Which fiber is Fibers are branched and wavy, found in elastic cartilage such as the outer ear
Elastic fibers
75
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar Adipose Reticular
76
Which fiber can distort without damage, extensive blood supply & least specialized connective tissue in adults
Areolar
77
Which fiber is similar to areolar, but full of adipocytes Provides padding, absorbs shocks, insulator.
Adipose
78
Which fiber is supporting framework and create a three-dimensional supportive network
Reticular fibers
79
What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular - fibers run parallel & packed tightly and tendons dense irregular - fibers form no consistent pattern, form an interwoven network and skin
80
What is the main fiber type in dense connective tissue?
Collagen
81
What are the two fluid connective tissues?
blood lymph
82
How is lymph formed?
forced out through leaky capillary walls under blood pressure
83
Describe the basic structure of cartilage
matrix is a firm gel chondrocytes avascular
84
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
85
Which cartilage is most common. Tough but flexible due to closely packed collagen fibers. Articular cartilages (in joints), nose, ribs and sternum.
Hyaline
86
Which cartilage is contains numerous elastic fibers; very resilient and flexible. Outer ear (pinna), epiglottis, auditory tube.
Elastic
87
Which cartilage has not much ground substance, tightly interwoven collagen fibers. Very durable and tough. Between vertebrae, pubic symphysis.
Fibrocartilage
88
What two things primarily compose the matrix of bone?
calcium salts collagen fibers
89
Describe the type of epithelial tissue forming the skin?
stratified squamous epithelium
90
What type of connective tissue forming the supportive structure underneath the stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
91
Compare and contrast mucous membranes (mucosae) serous membranes cutaneous membranes synovial membranes
mucous membranes (mucosae) - communicate with/are open to the outside world - digestive, respiratory serous membranes - line sealed internal cavities cutaneous membranes - stratified squamous epithelium skin synovial membranes - line a joint cavity
92
Functions of connective tissues which surround internal organs
1. Provide strength and stability 2. Maintain relative positions of internal organs 3. Provide a route for distribution of blood vessels
93
Describe the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: large muscles for major movement. Multinucleate cells, striated/striped appearance to cells. Voluntary Cardiac muscle: muscle cells branch together at intercalated discs, coming together at desmosomes, proteoglycans, and gap junctions. Involuntary. Smooth muscle: nonstriated involuntary, Found in internal organs (blood vessels)
94
What does neural tissue do?
Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses of one part of the body to another
95
What two cell types does it contain, and what do they do?
neurons - use electrical and chemical signals to send information neuroglia - metabolic support for neurons
96
What are the functions of axons and dendrites?
Dendrites receive info Axon conducts info away to other cells
97
What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis Dermis
98
What are some of the accessory structures to the integumentary system?
Hair Nails Multicellular exocrine glands
99
Name at least 5 functions of skin and the hypodermis.
Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact Excretion of salts and water Maintenance of normal body temp UV protection Detection of touch
100
Name the 5 layers of the epidermis in order. (B,S,G,L,C)
stratum... basale spinosum granulosum lucidum corneum
101
Which layers are part of “thick skin”
contains all 5 layers
102
Which layers are part of “thick skin” (L)
stratum lucidum
103
What is sebum, and what is its function?
mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes Inhibits growth of bacteria lubricates protects prevents drying out
104
What are sudoriferous glands?
two types of secretory skin glands eccrine or apocrine
105
Which gland is... in the armpits, around nipples, in pubic region are sticky/ cloudy, smelly controlled by nervous system/hormones
apocrine
106
Which gland is... far greater in # and widely distributed in palms and soles Produce sweat that is 99% water plus salt, proteins, waste products
eccrine
107
What controls the sweat glands? Why do we sweat?
autonomic nervous system cooling the body & protect the skin
108
Describe the process of skin repair after an injury.
inflammation tissue formation (or proliferation phase) tissue remodeling
109
What causes callouses to form on the skin?
repeated pressure or friction on an area of skin
110
What is the main component of a scab?
red and white cells and fibrin
111
Why do we get scar tissue formation after a cut?
as part of the healing process after your skin has been cut or damaged

Human Anatomy 1 BIO241 (8 decks)

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