Lecture Exam 1 (Unit 1, Chapters 1-5) Flashcards
Define the terms anatomy and physiology. How are they related?
Anatomy studies the structures of the body and their relations to one another.
Physiology studies the function of the body – how the structures carry out their life-sustaining activities.
Describe homeostasis
balance body systems
needed to survive amd function correctly
Describe homeostasis a generic control mechanism. (RCE)
A receptor, integrating center, and effector
Explain intrinsic (autoregulation) and extrinsic regulation mechanisms that the body uses to maintain homeostasis. Give an example of each.
Intrinsic regulate blood flow throughout the body Ex: heart = own heart rate
extrinsic influence blood flow to the skeletal muscles. Ex: nervous systems
Give an example (physiological) of a negative and positive feedback mechanism.
positive feedback are contractions in child birth
negative feedback examples regulation of blood glucose levels and sweating
Examples of things that might disturb an organism’s homeostasis? (be specific)
disease, toxins, and environment
Understand anatomical position
- positioning of the body when it is standing upright
- facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body
- the palms facing forward
- legs are parallel
- feet flat on the floor and facing forward
What directional terms are there
Anterior
Posterior
What directional terms are there
Medial
Lateral
What directional terms are there
Superior
Interior
What directional terms are there
Proximal
Distal
Name this part of the skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Name this part of the skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Name this anatomical plane
Transverse
AName this anatomical plane
Sagittal
Name this anatomical plane
Frontal
Name these body cavities
orange - cranial
dark orange - vertebral
back black line - dorsal
purple - thoracic
pink - abdominal
green - pelvic
What is the purpose of the parietal pericardium?
to line the inside of the fibrous pericardium
What is the purpose of having two membrane layers (visceral and parietal) surrounding the lungs?
protect and cushion the lungs
What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Cranial (skull)
Frontal (forehead)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital (base of skull)
Oral (mouth)
Orbital/ocular (eyes)
Head and neck
What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Axillary (armpit)
Costal (ribs)
Deltoid (shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Pectoral (chest)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Sternal (breastbone)
Vertebral (backbone)
Thorax
What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Abdominal (abdomen)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Inguinal (bend of hip)
Lumbar (lower back)
Pelvic (area between hipbones)
Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)
Pubic (genitals)
Sacral (end of vertebral column)
Abdomen
What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Antebrachial (forearm)
Antecubital (inner elbow)
Brachial (upper arm)
Carpal (wrist)
Cubital (elbow)
Digital (fingers/toes)
Manual (hand)
Palmar (palm)
Upper extremity
What area these axial body’s main regions these apart of?
Crural (shin, front of lower leg)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (front of knee)
Pedal (foot)
Plantar (arch of foot)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf, back of lower leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
Lower extremity
What is a group of cells performing the same function, plus their surrounding matrix? The whole bang!
Tissue
What are two or more tissue types performing a common function
Organ
What are a group of organs together meeting a common goal (i.e. digestive system digesting food)
Organ system
What are these called?
supine
prone
What is partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs and the heart
Mediastinum
What is each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans?
Pleura
Difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins
Integral proteins are permanently in the cell membrane
peripheral proteins attach and detach from the cell membrane at different times
What are three functions the membrane proteins do? (AEC)
Anchoring proteins
Enzymes catalyze reactions
Channels to pass water
What does the nucleus do?
its the brain & carries the DNA
Define the functions of the 5 types of organelles.
Mitochondria - power house
Golgi - transports proteins
Endoplasmic - synthesizes & processes protiens
Lysosome - enzymes
Ribosomes - protien synthesis
What does “membrane permeability” mean?
the passive diffusion rate
Describe the permeability of a cell membrane.
selectively permeable
Describe all the different types of diffusion across cell membranes (S,C,A,P)
Simple - diffuse on through on their own.
Channel-mediated - proteins w/small pores can allow small
Active transport requires energy
Passive transport does not require energy
What’s the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
Osmosis - the movement of water molecules through the cell
Diffusion - the movement of molecules in and out of a cell
What is the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?
Osmolarity is total solute concentration
Tonicity is how the concentration affects the cell
What are the three different variations of tonicity, and what might a cell do when placed in each environment? (IHH)
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Since all of your cells/my cells contain the same genes, how is a nerve cell different from, for instance, a skin cell?
Certain genes are turned on and off
neurons need different proteins
What are all the material located between the plasma membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus
Cytoplasm
Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble/insoluble proteins, waste products.
Cytosol
Subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
organelle
Movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules
Osmosis
Is the process of capturing a substance
Endocytosis
Process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.
Exocytosis
The development of specific cellular features
Cell differentiation
SWhere in the body do you find epithelial tissue?
Cover internal, external and exposed surfaces (blood vessel walls, respiratory)
Describe polarity of epithelia
the exposed surface = apical surface
the not exposed base = basal surface
What is the special function of epithelia with microvilli on their apical surfaces?
aids nutrient absorption
Where in the body might you find these epithelia cells with microvilli on their apical surfaces?
respiratory and digestive tract
How about with cilia?
aid movement of mucus
What factors allow the epithelium to be a protective barrier?
- Intercellular connections
- Attachment to the basement membrane
- Maintenance and repair
Why are intercellular connections so important in epithelia?
help the basal surface of epithelium to bind the basal membrane
Which types of connections are more prominent in different types of epithelia? (TGD)
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
How do epithelia maintain and repair themselves?
through continual division of stem cells
Where are epithelial stem cells located?
the basement membrane (on the basal surface)
Simple is….
single layer
absorption and diffusion
Squamous is…
multiple layer
protect what lies beneath
Cuboidal is…
Cubes
absorption and excretion
Columnar is…
Long like columns
protection stomach and digestive tract
What is the role of transitional epithelium?
repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling
bladder
Endocrine glands…
release secretions directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine Glands…
watery secretion containing enzymes
Name connective tissues
Name at least four specific functions of connective tissue.
framework for the body
transporting fluids
protecting
storing energy
Name at least five cell types that might be found in the matrix of connective tissue proper.
Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells
What three types of fibers are found in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Which fiber is flexible but strong. Found in tendons and ligaments. Long and straight.
Collagen fibers
Which fiber is different arrangement—thinner, more branched, Stabilizes cell, organ, blood vessel positions
Reticular fibers
Which fiber is Fibers are branched and wavy, found in elastic cartilage such as the outer ear
Elastic fibers
What are the three types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Which fiber can distort without damage, extensive blood supply & least specialized connective tissue in adults
Areolar
Which fiber is similar to areolar, but full of adipocytes
Provides padding, absorbs shocks, insulator.
Adipose
Which fiber is supporting framework and create a three-dimensional supportive network
Reticular fibers
What is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular - fibers run parallel & packed tightly and tendons
dense irregular - fibers form no consistent pattern, form an interwoven network and skin
What is the main fiber type in dense connective tissue?
Collagen
What are the two fluid connective tissues?
blood
lymph
How is lymph formed?
forced out through leaky capillary walls under blood pressure
Describe the basic structure of cartilage
matrix is a firm gel
chondrocytes
avascular
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Which cartilage is most common. Tough but flexible due to closely packed collagen fibers. Articular cartilages (in joints), nose, ribs and sternum.
Hyaline
Which cartilage is contains numerous elastic fibers; very resilient and flexible. Outer ear (pinna), epiglottis, auditory tube.
Elastic
Which cartilage has not much ground substance, tightly interwoven collagen fibers. Very durable and tough. Between vertebrae, pubic symphysis.
Fibrocartilage
What two things primarily compose the matrix of bone?
calcium salts
collagen fibers
Describe the type of epithelial tissue forming the skin?
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of connective tissue forming the supportive structure underneath the stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Compare and contrast
mucous membranes (mucosae)
serous membranes
cutaneous membranes
synovial membranes
mucous membranes (mucosae) - communicate with/are open to the outside world - digestive, respiratory
serous membranes - line sealed internal cavities
cutaneous membranes - stratified squamous epithelium skin
synovial membranes - line a joint cavity
Functions of connective tissues which surround internal organs
- Provide strength and stability
- Maintain relative positions of internal organs
- Provide a route for distribution of blood vessels
Describe the three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: large muscles for major movement. Multinucleate cells, striated/striped appearance to cells. Voluntary
Cardiac muscle: muscle cells branch together at intercalated discs, coming together at desmosomes, proteoglycans, and gap junctions. Involuntary.
Smooth muscle: nonstriated involuntary, Found in internal organs (blood vessels)
What does neural tissue do?
Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses of one part of the body to another
What two cell types does it contain, and what do they do?
neurons - use electrical and chemical signals to send information
neuroglia - metabolic support for neurons
What are the functions of axons and dendrites?
Dendrites receive info
Axon conducts info away to other cells
What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane?
Epidermis
Dermis
What are some of the accessory structures to the integumentary system?
Hair
Nails
Multicellular exocrine glands
Name at least 5 functions of skin and the hypodermis.
Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact
Excretion of salts and water
Maintenance of normal body temp
UV protection
Detection of touch
Name the 5 layers of the epidermis in order. (B,S,G,L,C)
stratum…
basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum
Which layers are part of “thick skin”
contains all 5 layers
Which layers are part of “thick skin” (L)
stratum lucidum
What is sebum, and what is its function?
mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and electrolytes
Inhibits growth of bacteria
lubricates
protects
prevents drying out
What are sudoriferous glands?
two types of secretory skin glands
eccrine or apocrine
Which gland is…
in the armpits, around nipples, in pubic region
are sticky/ cloudy, smelly
controlled by nervous system/hormones
apocrine
Which gland is…
far greater in # and widely distributed
in palms and soles
Produce sweat that is 99% water plus salt, proteins, waste products
eccrine
What controls the sweat glands?
Why do we sweat?
autonomic nervous system
cooling the body & protect the skin
Describe the process of skin repair after an injury.
inflammation
tissue formation (or proliferation phase)
tissue remodeling
What causes callouses to form on the skin?
repeated pressure or friction on an area of skin
What is the main component of a scab?
red and white cells and fibrin
Why do we get scar tissue formation after a cut?
as part of the healing process after your skin has been cut or damaged
