Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
Name at least 4 functions of the skeletal system
- Structural support
- Storage of minerals
- Blood cell production
- Movement of the body
Name these bones
Describe the general structure of a bone. DCC
Dense matrix
Calcium Salts
Connective tissue
What type of matrix does bone have?
bone cells called osteocytes
What is this?
osteon
Osteon drawing
Osteon drawing
How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in compact bone?
Nutrients in the blood go through blood vessels of the central canal
How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in spongy bone?
Nutrients reach the osteocytes by diffusion along canaliculi
What happens in red bone marrow?
produces blood cells
What happens in yellow bone marrow?
stores fat
What is the point of having spongy bone in the middle of larger long bones?
lightens the weight of the bones
What are the two layers found in the periosteum?
fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer
What does the fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer do? PNP
provides a route for circulatory
nerve supply
participates in bone growth and repair
When does calcification occur?
Occurs during ossification (formation of bone)
What are the steps of growth/ossification of a limb bone. CCPGCG
commitment
compaction
proliferation
growth
chondrocyte death
generation of new bone
During the growth spurt at puberty, what happens?
hormones (growth, sex, thyroid)
stimulates dramatic bone growth.
What is appositional growth
bone grows larger in diameter
How do the activities of various cells participate in bone remodeling?
continuous recycling/renewing of the organic and mineral components of bone
Forces applied to the bone affects the shape…
is the effect of exercise
Name at least two hormones or vitamins that affect bone growth, and describe their effects
Thyroxine - stimulate bone growth
Vitamins A - stimulates osteoblast activity
At puberty, what stimulates bone growth? (And how does it happen?)
increase in sex hormones
stimulate osteoblasts
What two hormones regulate the concentration of Ca in the blood
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
What are the steps to healing a fracture? HFBR
- Hematoma Formation
- Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
- Bony Callus Formation
- Bone Remodelling
Do fractures always heal?
As long as the blood supply is good and both periosteum and endosteum survive
What are fontanelles?
How do they come about?
What process do they help with?
Largest fibrous areas between the cranial bones
Elastic connective tissue at birth
Helps baby head get through
What is whiplash?
partial or complete dislocation of one or more cervical vertebrae
Where does the pectoral girdle connect to the axial skeleton?
end of each clavicle with manubrium of sternum
How does this translate to the shoulder being stable or not?
has no direct bony or ligamentous connection
Why is the pelvic girdle bigger than the pectoral girdle?
bears more weight
How is the female pelvis shaped differently from the male pelvis? Why?
Female adaptations for childbearing
Male have shorter I. Spine
What is the effect of the hormone relaxin on the female body? Why is it released?
loosens pubic symphysis and sacro-iliac ligaments
allowing movement
What are the three categories of joints? SAD
Synarthrosis - skull
Amphiarthrosis - Pubic Symphysis
Diarthrosis - long bones
Describe the basic structure of a joint capsule.
two-layers
What’s the purpose of articular cartilage?
What happens if this cartilage becomes damaged?
Cover articulating surfaces of the joint
Joint cannot function normally
What is synovial fluid, and what are its functions? LNS
In larger joints clear heavy molasses solution
Lubrication
Nutrient Distribution
Shock Absorption
What will limit joint ROM?
Collagen fibers
Amount of tension
What joint movement is this
Flexion decreases angle
Extension increases angle
What joint movement is this
abduction - movement away from axis in frontal plane
adduction - movement toward axis in frontal plane.
What joint movement is this
Circumduction - moving any body part in circle
What joint movement is this
dorsiflexion - opposite
plantarflexion - pointing your foot
What joint movement is this
opposition - movement of thumb twd surface of palm
reposition - opposite
What joint movement is this
protraction - moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane
retraction - opposite
What joint movement is this
inversion - turns the sole of the foot inward
eversion - opposite
What joint movement is this
elevation - moving a structure superiorly
depression - opposite
What joint movement is this
Lateral flexion - bending your vertebral column to the side
What are the names of the two layers of a vertebral disc, and what is the composition of each?
Annulus Fibrosus - tough outer layer
Nucleus Pulposus - soft gel core
What types of movement are allowed along the vertebral column? FELR
Flexion (slight L5-S1)
Extension (slight L5-S1)
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
How does the glenoid labrum help the stability of the shoulder joint?
extends the glenoid cavity - deepens the socket
What types of movement does the hip joint allow? FEACR Why is it so stable?
Flexion
Extension
Adduciton
Circumduction
Rotation
Strong joint capsule
What are the five ligaments around the knee joint
ACL
PCL
LCL
MCL
What movement does the knee joint allow? FER
Flexion
Extension
Limited Rotation
What three separate joints are involved in the “knee joint”?
Femoral medial & lateral condyle
Patella-patellar surface of femur
knee joint structure
Meniscus
a c-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber
Name at least 4 major functions of skeletal muscle.
Skeletal movement
Support soft tissues
Maintain body temp
Identify the layers of connective tissue on a diagram of a muscle. EPE
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
How are tendons involved in muscular contraction?
muscle fibers contract which in turn pull on the bones to be
moved.
What tells skeletal muscles to contract?
central nervous system
All regions of a skeletal muscle cell contract at the same time…
signal transverse tubules (T tubules)
What are the thin and thick filaments of a myofibril made of?
actin & myosin
Terminal cisternae are
discrete regions within the muscle cell
Describe how Ca ions are involved in the start of muscular contraction
Ca ions are released into sarcoplasm
Where is the A band, M line, H band, zone of overlap, I band, Z line
Components of the thin filament and their roles. FTT
F-Actin - binds
Tropomyosin - regulatory protein
Troponin - three-protein complex,
Describe the thick filament/how it participates in contraction
Made of protein myosin
generating the tension
Step-wise, big picture of muscular contraction (from nervous system trigger to tension in muscle) – what is the first step?
release of internal stores of Ca ions.
