Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards by paige guiste

Q

Name at least 4 functions of the skeletal system

A

Structural support
Storage of minerals
Blood cell production
Movement of the body

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Name these bones

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Describe the general structure of a bone. DCC

A

Dense matrix
Calcium Salts
Connective tissue

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What type of matrix does bone have?

A

bone cells called osteocytes

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is this?

A

osteon

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Osteon drawing

A

Osteon drawing

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in compact bone?

A

Nutrients in the blood go through blood vessels of the central canal

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How do nutrients reach the osteocytes in spongy bone?

A

Nutrients reach the osteocytes by diffusion along canaliculi

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What happens in red bone marrow?

A

produces blood cells

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What happens in yellow bone marrow?

A

stores fat

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is the point of having spongy bone in the middle of larger long bones?

A

lightens the weight of the bones

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the two layers found in the periosteum?

A

fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What does the fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer do? PNP

A

provides a route for circulatory
nerve supply
participates in bone growth and repair

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

When does calcification occur?

A

Occurs during ossification (formation of bone)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the steps of growth/ossification of a limb bone. CCPGCG

A

commitment
compaction
proliferation
growth
chondrocyte death
generation of new bone

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

During the growth spurt at puberty, what happens?

A

hormones (growth, sex, thyroid)
stimulates dramatic bone growth.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is appositional growth

A

bone grows larger in diameter

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

How do the activities of various cells participate in bone remodeling?

A

continuous recycling/renewing of the organic and mineral components of bone

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Forces applied to the bone affects the shape…

A

is the effect of exercise

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Name at least two hormones or vitamins that affect bone growth, and describe their effects

A

Thyroxine - stimulate bone growth
Vitamins A - stimulates osteoblast activity

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

At puberty, what stimulates bone growth? (And how does it happen?)

A

increase in sex hormones
stimulate osteoblasts

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What two hormones regulate the concentration of Ca in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What are the steps to healing a fracture? HFBR

A

Hematoma Formation
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Bony Callus Formation
Bone Remodelling

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Do fractures always heal?

A

As long as the blood supply is good and both periosteum and endosteum survive

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

What are fontanelles? How do they come about? What process do they help with?

Largest fibrous areas between the cranial bones Elastic connective tissue at birth Helps baby head get through

What is whiplash?

partial or complete dislocation of one or more cervical vertebrae

Where does the pectoral girdle connect to the axial skeleton?

end of each clavicle with manubrium of sternum

How does this translate to the shoulder being stable or not?

has no direct bony or ligamentous connection

Why is the pelvic girdle bigger than the pectoral girdle?

bears more weight

How is the female pelvis shaped differently from the male pelvis? Why?

Female adaptations for childbearing Male have shorter I. Spine

What is the effect of the hormone relaxin on the female body? Why is it released?

loosens pubic symphysis and sacro-iliac ligaments allowing movement

What are the three categories of joints? SAD

Synarthrosis - skull Amphiarthrosis - Pubic Symphysis Diarthrosis - long bones

Describe the basic structure of a joint capsule.

two-layers

What’s the purpose of articular cartilage? What happens if this cartilage becomes damaged?

Cover articulating surfaces of the joint Joint cannot function normally

What is synovial fluid, and what are its functions? LNS

In larger joints clear heavy molasses solution Lubrication Nutrient Distribution Shock Absorption

What will limit joint ROM?

Collagen fibers Amount of tension

What joint movement is this

Flexion decreases angle Extension increases angle

What joint movement is this

abduction - movement away from axis in frontal plane adduction - movement toward axis in frontal plane.

What joint movement is this

Circumduction - moving any body part in circle

What joint movement is this

dorsiflexion - opposite plantarflexion - pointing your foot

What joint movement is this

opposition - movement of thumb twd surface of palm reposition - opposite

What joint movement is this

protraction - moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane retraction - opposite

What joint movement is this

inversion - turns the sole of the foot inward eversion - opposite

What joint movement is this

elevation - moving a structure superiorly depression - opposite

What joint movement is this

Lateral flexion - bending your vertebral column to the side

What are the names of the two layers of a vertebral disc, and what is the composition of each?

Annulus Fibrosus - tough outer layer Nucleus Pulposus - soft gel core

What types of movement are allowed along the vertebral column? FELR

Flexion (slight L5-S1) Extension (slight L5-S1) Lateral Flexion Rotation

How does the glenoid labrum help the stability of the shoulder joint?

extends the glenoid cavity - deepens the socket

What types of movement does the hip joint allow? FEACR Why is it so stable?

Flexion Extension Adduciton Circumduction Rotation Strong joint capsule

What are the five ligaments around the knee joint

ACL PCL LCL MCL

What movement does the knee joint allow? FER

Flexion Extension Limited Rotation

What three separate joints are involved in the “knee joint”?

Femoral medial & lateral condyle Patella-patellar surface of femur

knee joint structure

Meniscus

a c-shaped pad of cartilage in the knee that acts as a shock absorber

Name at least 4 major functions of skeletal muscle.

Skeletal movement Support soft tissues Maintain body temp

Identify the layers of connective tissue on a diagram of a muscle. EPE

epimysium perimysium endomysium

How are tendons involved in muscular contraction?

muscle fibers contract which in turn pull on the bones to be moved.

What tells skeletal muscles to contract?

central nervous system

All regions of a skeletal muscle cell contract at the same time…

signal transverse tubules (T tubules)

What are the thin and thick filaments of a myofibril made of?

actin & myosin

Terminal cisternae are

discrete regions within the muscle cell

Describe how Ca ions are involved in the start of muscular contraction

Ca ions are released into sarcoplasm

Where is the A band, M line, H band, zone of overlap, I band, Z line

Components of the thin filament and their roles. FTT

F-Actin - binds Tropomyosin - regulatory protein Troponin - three-protein complex,

Describe the thick filament/how it participates in contraction

Made of protein myosin generating the tension

Step-wise, big picture of muscular contraction (from nervous system trigger to tension in muscle) – what is the first step?

release of internal stores of Ca ions.