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A&P 2 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system consist of the ______ ______ which extends from the oral cavity to the anus, and ______ _____, which aid in the digestive process

A

Alimentary canal
accessory organs

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2
Q

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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3
Q

Fused double-layer peritoneum that anchors small intestine in abdominal cavity

A

mesentery

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4
Q

Mesenteric cord that suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

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5
Q

Serous membrane that covers internal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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6
Q

Fused double-layered peritoneum that anchors large intestine in abdominal cavity

A

mesocolon

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7
Q

Membrane that runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

A

Lesser omentum

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8
Q

cavity where the kidneys, abdominal aorta, pancreas, and duodenum are found

A

retroperitoneal cavity

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9
Q

serous membrane that lines walls of abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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10
Q

membrane that runs from greater curvature of stomach to meet mesocolon

A

greater omentum

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11
Q

avity below the diaphragm; includes liver, stomach, and most organs

A

abdominal cavity

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12
Q

List the four layers of the GI tract from outermost to innermost

A
  1. (outermost) serosa
  2. Muscularis externa
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa (innermost)
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13
Q

Usually contains 2 layers of smooth muscle

A

muscularis externa

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14
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

serosA

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15
Q

the myenteric plexus is found here; ANS control of motility

A

muscularis externa

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16
Q

important in secretion, absorption of nutrients, and protection

A

mucosa

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17
Q

mostly simple columnar epithelial cells

A

mucosa

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18
Q

Dense connective tissue loaded with blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and elastic fibers

A

submucosa

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19
Q

Layer that lines lumen

A

mucosa

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20
Q

contains submucosal plexus

A

submucosa

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21
Q

contains Brunner’s glands in small intestine

A

submucosa

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22
Q

contains oblique smooth muscles in the stomach

A

muscularis externa

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23
Q

Helps keep food in mouth; important in speech

A

tongue

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24
Q

manopulates food

A

tongue

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25
Q

important in mastication

A

teeth

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26
Q

closes off nasal cavity during deglutition

A

uvula

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27
Q

rough, corrugated surface, helps manipulate food

A

hard palate

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28
Q

helps keep food in mouth; forms side of oral cavity

A

cheeks

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29
Q

closes off opening to respiratory tract during deglutition

A

epiglottis

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30
Q

attaches tongue to floor of mouth

A

lingual frenulum

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31
Q

anchors lips medially to gum

A

labial frenulum

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32
Q

filled with blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels (regarding teeth)

A

pulp

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33
Q

Bulk of the tooth; similar to bone

A

dentin

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34
Q

cellular; hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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35
Q

covers the crown of the tooth

A

enamel

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36
Q

formed form cells that dies after tooth is formed

A

enamel

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37
Q

vers the root

A

cementum

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38
Q

bulkiest of teeth; most posterior

A

molars

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39
Q

2 pairs, cone shaped with single root

A

canine (cuspid)

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40
Q

chisel-shaped with single root

A

incisors

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41
Q

Anterior most teeth

A

incisors

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42
Q

usually 2 cusps; bulky, 2 or 3 roots

A

molars/premolars (bicuspids)

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43
Q

teeth used for ripping and tearing

A

canines

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44
Q

eth used for grinding food

A

premolar and molar

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45
Q

teeth used for biting off pieces of food

A

incisors

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46
Q

how many diciduous teeth are there? and permanent?

A

20 and 32

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47
Q

Write the dental formula for diciduous teeth and permament teeth

A

2,1,0,2/2,1,0,2
2,1,2,3/2,1,2,3

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48
Q

Functions of saliva

A
  1. moistens mouth
  2. Begins starch and fat digestion
  3. cleanses teath
  4. inhibits bacterial growth
  5. dissolves molecules = stimulate taste buds
  6. moistens food and binds it together
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49
Q

three major pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

50
Q

largest salivary gland

51
Q

located in front of and below the ear (salivary gland)

A

submandibular

52
Q

located on the sides of the tong and floor of the mouth (salivary gland)

A

sublingual gland

53
Q

what digestive organs or acessory organs secrete enzymes that digest or breakdown proteins?

A

stomach(pepsin) and pancreas (chymotrypsin)

54
Q

the digestion system breaks down the most of the carbohydrates (starch) in the ____ and the ___ ___ by the enzyme ____

A

Mouth,
smalle intestines
amylase

55
Q

the first site of protein digestion occurs in the ______ by the enzyme ____

A

stomach
pepsin

56
Q

the hard material that makes up the bulk of the teeth under the covering layer is called _____

57
Q

In the stomach, proteins are broken down by the enzyme _____

58
Q

functions of the tongue include

A

manipulate or push food between teeth
senses taste and texture of food
helps form the bolus for swallowing

59
Q

The structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory track when you swallow is the

A

epiglottis

60
Q

chemical digestion begins in the

A

mouth (starch)

61
Q

the passage that carries food between the pharynx and the stomach is the

62
Q

the stomach breaks down food into a soft, semifuluid partially digested mixture called

63
Q

Food propels through the digestive system by rhythmic muscle contractions called

A

peristaisis

64
Q

Food is mixed with digestive juices in muscle contractions called

A

segmentation

65
Q

the projections in the mucosa of the stomach which allow for distention are called

66
Q

gastric juice consist of

A

water, HCl acid, pepsin

67
Q

Which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete HCl and intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

68
Q

which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete mucus? why?

A

mucous cells, for protection and lubrication

69
Q

which cell in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen(pepsin)?

A

chief cells

70
Q

What activates pepsinogen to pepsin?

71
Q

ich gastric secreations aids in vit B12 absorption?

A

intrinsic factor

72
Q

the ball-like mass of mechanically digested food formed by the tongue and saliva is called the

73
Q

which hormone increases gastric juices by the stomach?

74
Q

What area of the stomach is closest to diaphragm and causes trapped gas

75
Q

what area of the stomach (closest to heart) causes heart burn?

76
Q

regulates passage of food between pharynx and esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

77
Q

regulates passage of food between esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter or LES

78
Q

regulates passage of food between stomach and duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

79
Q

regulates passage of food between ileum and lg intestines

A

ileocecal valve

80
Q

cystic duct merges with hepatic duct to form the ____

A

common bile duct

81
Q

is attached to underside of cecum

A

vermiform appendix

82
Q

teeth that are used for grinding food

A

bicuspids and molars

83
Q

chisel type teeth that are used for biting off lg pieces of food

84
Q

teeth that are used for ripping and tearing

85
Q

of deciduous teeth

86
Q

of permanent teeth

87
Q

Process of taking food into the oral cavity

88
Q

elimination of nondigestible wastes from body cavity via anus

A

defecation

89
Q

chewing of food

A

mastication

90
Q

swallowing of food

A

deglutition

91
Q

alternate smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the alimentary canal

A

peristalsis

92
Q

transport of monomers from alimentary canal to blood

A

absorption

93
Q

breaking of large food chunk into smaller pieces; only increases surface area, no bonds are broken

A

mechanical digestion

94
Q

breaking of polymers into monomers

A

chemical digestion

95
Q

Flow of blood in and out of kidney

A

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
effferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
cortical radiate vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein

96
Q

ball of capillaries found in cortex

A

glomerulus

97
Q

tubule of nephron that descends through medula

A

descending limb of loop of Henle

98
Q

Blind, enlarged, cup-like structure that encloses glomerulus

A

glomerular capsule (bowman’s capsule)

99
Q

ubule of nephron that empties into collecting duct

A

distal convoluted tubule

100
Q

tubule that scends through medulla

A

ascending limb

101
Q

tubule closest to beginning of nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

102
Q

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

103
Q

rge dubule that receives many tubules from many nephrons

A

collecting ducts

104
Q

capillary bed that surrounds tubules in medulla

A

peritubular capillaries

105
Q

area where an afferent arteriole contacts distal convoluted tubule

106
Q

ind of nephron that is found mostly in the cortex

A

cortical nephron

107
Q

kind of nephron found extensively in medulla

A

juxtamedulary nephron

108
Q

these tubules merge to form papillary ducts

A

collecting ducts

109
Q

A plasma-derived substance that passes out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule is called

110
Q

(where in nephron) simple squamous epithelium; freely permeable to water

A

descending limb

111
Q

(where in nephron) simple cuboidal epithelium with dense microvilli

A

proximal convoluted tubule

112
Q

simple cuboidal or slightly columnar;impermeable to water

A

ascending limb

113
Q

(where in nephron) simple cuboidal epithelium with almostn o microvilli

A

distal convoluted tubule

114
Q

(where in nephron) mouses macula densa

115
Q

Starting with the glomerulus, outline the parts of the nephron and other micro and macrostructures that filtrate/urine passes through on its way outside

A

glomerular capsule,
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts
papillae (tip of renal pyramid)
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

116
Q

name the two capillary beds found in the kidney

A

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

117
Q

water moves out by osmosis; but not hormonally controlled

A

proximal convoluted tubule and descending limb

118
Q

impermeable to water; Na+ and Cl- move out by acrive transport

A

ascending limb

119
Q

almost all nutrients move out here

120
Q

Na+, K+, and Cl- water by osmosis, but ishormonally regulated

A

DCT and collecting duct

121
Q

the peritubular capillary bed that lie straight and parallel to the loop of Henle is called the _____ and functions in _____

A

Vasa recta,
concentratine urine

122
Q

give 5 examples of substances that pass easily rhgou hhte filtration membrane of Bowman’s capsule and one group of substances that do not pass through

A

water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, wastes and electrolytes
Does not pass trhough: protein and blood cells

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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