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A&P 2 > Exam 2 Prep > Flashcards

Exam 2 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

List the 4 major components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and lymphatic organs

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2
Q

Give three functions of the lymphatic system

A

Returns 15% back to circulation, immunity, and absorbs lipids

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3
Q

During capillary exchange ____ is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while ____ is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries

A

During capillary exchange, FILTRATION (ARTERIOLE END) is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while REABSORPTION (AT VENULE END) is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries

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4
Q

Two forces determine whether filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called ______ while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called ________ which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called _____

A

Two forces determine whehter filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called BHP BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called COP CAPILLARY OSMOTIC PRESSURE which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called ALBUMIN

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5
Q

Define edema

A

excess tissue fluid

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6
Q

There can be problems in capillary exchange. List the 4 causes of edema during capillary exchange:

A

BP too high (BHP)
COP too low (Deficiency in albumin)
Lymphatic Blockage
Trauma (burns that increase capillary permeability)

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7
Q

List 4 structures or organs without lymphatic capillaries

A

Red bone marrow
Bone
Cartilage
Cornea

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8
Q

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called ____

A

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called TISSUE FLUID OR INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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9
Q

Interstitial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lyymph vessels is called ____

A

Intersticial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lymph vessels is called LYMPH

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10
Q

Specialized capillaries locaed in the villi in small intestines are called ____ and their function is to _____

A

Specialized capillaries located in the villi in small intestines are called LACTEALS and their function is to REABSORB AND TRANSPORT FAT (LYMPH IS NOW CALLED CHYLE)

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11
Q

Lymphatic vessels similar to veins but with many more valves

A

Collecting valves

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12
Q

Microscopic lymphatic vessels, collect lymph and transport it

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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13
Q

Paired lymphatic vessels except one, formed from merged collecting vessels

A

Lymphatic trunks

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14
Q

Blunt ended, attached to tissues by filaments

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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15
Q

Begins as a sac inthe abdominal cavity, longst one

A

Thoracic duct

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16
Q

Formed from merged lymphatic capillaries

A

Collecting vessels

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17
Q

Contains only tunica intima with endothelial cells that overlap and form minivalves

A

Lyphatic capillaries

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18
Q

Collects lymph from the left side of the head, trunk, neck, and below abdomen

A

Thoracic ducts

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19
Q

Lymphatic vessels after trunks

A

Collecting ducts

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20
Q

Very permeeable that it even collects chemical, cells form tissue

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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21
Q

Empties into the junction of the left subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

A

Thoracic duct

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22
Q

empties into the junction of the right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

A

Right lymphatic duct

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23
Q

List the four categories of lymphatic vessels that lymph passes through from the time it is first formed until it returns to the main circulation

A

lymphatic capillaries -> collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> collecting ducts

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24
Q

Interstitial fluid , that leaks from true capillaries is captured by _____ for its return to the main circulation. These lymphatic vessls are composed of loosely overlapping ______ cells that act as ______. ______ Found in the intestinal villi absorb and collect _______ (chyle - white)

A

Lymphatic capillaries
Simple squamous (endothelial)
Minivalves
Lacteal
Fat (lipids)

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25
Q

Lymph is transported into lymphatic vessels in the similar manner to the way blood is transported by veins. Due to even lower pressure of lymph, list 8 of these mechanisms

A
  1. Flow is aided by skeletal muscle pump.
  2. Thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal thoracic cavity
  3. Valves prevent backflow
  4. Arterial pulsation from near arteries rhythmically squeezes lymph vessels
  5. Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessles and stimulate to contract when vessels are stretched
  6. Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins draws lymph into it
  7. Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
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26
Q

There are ____ lymph nodes scattered throughout the body of a young adult. Lymph nodes have two basic functions: ______and ______

A

450
Cleanse lymph and act as site of B and T cell activation

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27
Q

Outer region; with densley packed collections of lymphocytes called follicles and germinal centers

A

The outer cortex

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28
Q

Outermost layer composed of fibrous connective tissue

A

capsule

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29
Q

Area of lymph node where a vessel exits

A

the hilum

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30
Q

Area in lymph node where B lymphocyres multiply

A

germinal centers

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31
Q

Vessel that brings in “unfiltered” lymph to the lymph node

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

Vessel that exits from node

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

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33
Q

Th thoracic collecting duct begins as a sac in the abdominopelvic cavity called the

A

cisternae chyli

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34
Q

_____ are a kind of WBC that arise and mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to lymph nodes to concentrate and multiply. THey multiply in areas of lymph nodes called _____.&raquo_space;»> are a kind of WBC that originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they ______ and ______ and wait to be released during an immune response

A

B lymphocytse
germinal centers
T lymphocyte
mature
develop

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35
Q

List 5 other lymphoid organs beside lymph nodes

A

red bone marrow,
thymus,
tonsils,
spleen,
appendix

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36
Q

Largest lymphoid organ; fist-sized

A

spleen

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37
Q

Deep to the sternum in mediastinum

A

thymus

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38
Q

ring of tissue around entrance to pharynx

A

tonsils

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39
Q

mass of lymphoid tissue at end of cecum

A

appendix

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40
Q

large, isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue in small intestine

A

peyers patch

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41
Q

Where T lymphocyte become immunocompetent

A

thymus

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42
Q

Prevents bacteria from entering through intestinal wall

A

peyers patch or malt

43
Q

located in left abdominal caviry just beneath diaphragm

A

spleen

44
Q

name the four types of tonsils

A

palatine, lingual, pharangeal, tubular

45
Q

who would have the largest thymus

A

infant

46
Q

what type of cell matures in the thymus gland

A

T-cells

47
Q

Where are peyers patches commonly found?

A

Distal portion of small intestine, ileum

48
Q

develop into macrophages

A

monocytes

49
Q

accumulates at onset of bacterial infection to phagocytize

A

neutrophils

50
Q

are important APC (antigen presenting cell) as they possess long branch-like processes that capture invaded pathogen and tkae to lymphatic organs (nodes)

A

Dendritic cells

51
Q

Name means big eater and are also APC’s presenting antigenic fragment of bacteria to B and T cells to activat ethem

A

macrophages

52
Q

do not phagocytize are like t-cells in that they kill and attack viral-infected cells, transplanted tissue, and cancer cells

A

Natural killer cells

53
Q

cells when activated by a foreign pathogen proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that begin to make antibodies that will tag the pathogen for destruction

A

T cells

54
Q

How fast is lymphy flow compared to blood flow?

A

low pressure and slower speed compared to blood

55
Q

does the lymphatic system play a role in digestion?

A

yes

56
Q

Compare diffuse lymphatic tissue with lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue consist of scattered lymph and macrophages, mainly MM (malt) but lymphatic nodlues contain aggregates or clusters of lymph and macrophages with germinal centers mainly in lymph organs except thymus

57
Q

the _____ ______ in the spleen functions in immunity while the ____ ____ functions in storage and graveyard of rbc’s.

A

White pulp
Red pulp

58
Q

Name and give the location of 3 kinds of tonsils

A

palantine - posterior margin or oral cavity
lingual - at root of tongue
pharangeal - single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

59
Q

filter lymph and acts as a nimmunosurveillance site for B and T cells

A

lymph node

60
Q

transports lymph

A

lymphatic vessels

61
Q

largest lymphatic organ, located in left upper quadrant

A

spleen

62
Q

atrophies with age, does not contain follicles (B cells) contains cripts

A

thymus

63
Q

rings or lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx

A

tonsils

64
Q

lymph nodes are designed to slow blood flow. How and why do they accomplish this?

A

lymph flows into node by sever afferent lymphatic vessels along convex surface but leaves through fewer efferent lymphatic pathways which causes slowing for proper cleaning and filtering

65
Q

what is MALT?

A

Mucosa associated lymph tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue, peyers patch, tonsils, appendix

66
Q

which lymph organs are primarily lymphatic organs and which are secondary and what is their function?

A

Primary (red bone marrow and thymus, function to produce lymphatic cells and mature)
Secondary (all the rest - tonsils, spleenm appendix, lymph nodes - functions, sites t ohang out (seeding) and encounter a pathogen by lymphocytes

67
Q

Any foreign material or cell that can get inside your body and cause infection is called a

A

pathogen

68
Q

w many lines of defense does the immune system have

A

three

69
Q

the immune system is define as ____________ and _______ that neutralize and destroy the pathogen

A

a cluster of cells, proteins, mechanical or physical
physiological processes

70
Q

list the four functions of the immune system

A

capture and destroy pathogens
remove abnormal cells
repair damaged tissue
remove debris and clean up

71
Q

the immune system is divided into two major divisions: the ___ immunity which means defenses you are born with and _____ or ____ immunity which you develop overtime as you are exposed to pathogens

A

innate
adaptive
aquired

72
Q

characteristics of innate immunity

A

fever, macrophages, mucous membrane, NK cells, skin, inflammation, is nonspecific

73
Q

the first line of defense is part of the _____ immunity and includes external _____ such as ____, ____, and _____

A

innate
physical barriers,
skin,
mucous membrane,
subepithelial areolar tissue

74
Q

Not an example of a surface barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?

A

inflammation

75
Q

mucous membranes line the following tracts: the ______ tract, ______ tract and _______ tract. THe mucous acts as a protective physical barrier where it traps pathogens because its ______

A

Digestive,
respiratory,
urinary (and reproductive)
sticky

76
Q

If a pathogen penetrates the 1st line of defense it encounters the 2nd line of defense which is part of ____ immunity and includes ______ barriers, like phagocytes and NK cells, _____ and _______ such as inflammation and fever

A

Innate
cellular
leukocytes
cellular barriers

77
Q

2nd line of defense

A

NK cells, normal flora, neutrophils, macrphages, dendritic cells, eociniphils, basophils (all cellular), fever, inflammation (physical), and lysozyme, interferon, and complement (antiproteins)

78
Q

Innate immunity is also called ______ immunity because it acts the same way against all kinds of pathogens

A

nonspecific

79
Q

Use of anticholinergic medications that decrease salivation

A

cleanisng of oral mucosa

80
Q

vaginal atrophy related to normal aging

A

cleansing of vaginal mucosa

81
Q

dry eyes

A

tears with lysozyme

82
Q

long-term smoking

A

mucous-ciliary membrane of respiratory tract

83
Q

Decreassed urinary output as in enlarged prostate

A

flushing of microbes in urinary tract

84
Q

skin wound

A

closely packed keratinized cells

85
Q

excessive dryness of skin

A

sebum production

86
Q

removal of part of stomach

A

HCi production

87
Q

Three properties of skin that help it resist invasion

A

touchness of keratin,
too dry and nutrient poor for microbial growth
dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins = peptides made by skin cellls and sweat glands in the skin that kill microbes

88
Q

_____ are considered phagocyres but they also destroy pathogens by releasing chemicals around them in a killing zone called a _____

A

Neutrophils (and I don’t know the second one lol)

89
Q

_______ cells do not phagocytize and are known to kill __________ and ______ cells (abnormal cells) and _____ tissue by binding first to the foreign cell and then releasing ______ that poke holes in pathogen membrane. They then release enzymes called _____ that enter the holes and kill forein cells. Then a _____ will come and clean up the debris

A

Natural killer,
bacterial, viral
cancer
destroy
perforins
granzymes
macrophage

90
Q

three antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons, complement system, lysozome

91
Q

____ is a protien enzyme found in all body secreetions such as ______. It causes the breakdown of bactrial cell walls

A

lysozome
semen, saliva, mucous, milk, tears, gastric secretions

92
Q

three ways complement works as a defense

A
  1. Inflammation - complement binds to basophils and mast cells causing release of histamine that then acrivates
  2. Immune clearance - complement binds to Ag-Ab complexes on RBC’s and macrophages, strip them off leaving cell unharmed.
  3. Phagocytosis - complement binds to naked pathogens coating their surface, called opsinization, enhansing neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize them
93
Q

Interferon released from a ______ host cell, to protect ______ cells. Interferon will bind to the neighboring cells ______ site which will cause the neighboring cell to make _____ proteins will prevent viral replication and thus viral infection

A

viral infected
neighboring
surface receptor
various

94
Q

____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature

A

fever

95
Q

the release of chemical called ____ from phagocyres, injured tissue and even pathogens themselves enters the blood and travels to an area in the brain that controls body temperature, the _____. Those chemicals _____ the body temp to a new, higher set point and cause a _____

A

pyrogens,
hypothalamus,
raise,
fever

96
Q

three stages of a fever

A

onset = body temp rises
stadium = body temp oscillates around new set point
defervescence = body temp returns to normal

97
Q

how is fever beneficial?

A

promotes interferon activity, elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, inhibits reproduction of bactera and viruses

98
Q

______ is an innate process caused by cell injury due to trauma or an infection

A

inflammation

99
Q

three functions of inflammation

A

limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them
removes debris from damaged tissue
initiates tissue repair

100
Q

four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness = erythema, due to vasodilation of local red blood cells
swelling = edema, due to more blood flow to capillaries and more fluid leaves during capillary exchange
heat = calor, caused by more blood flow to area
pain = dolar, caused by edema fluid pressing on nerves

101
Q

____ is thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue consisting of dead white blood cells and bactera with tissue debris and serum

A

Pus

102
Q

_____ is a swollen area within body tissue, due to tissue cavity containing an accumulation of pus

A

abscess

103
Q

what is Reye’s syndrome

A

disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection like chickenpox or influenza when aspirin is used as treatment

104
Q

coating of a pathogen surface with complement or antibodies is called _____. This enhances phagocytosis by making the pathogen more edible to the macrophage, because of this complement and antibodies are called ____-

A

obsinization (idk the second one)

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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