Exam 2 Prep

Question 1

List the 4 major components of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and lymphatic organs

Question 2

Give three functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 2

Returns 15% back to circulation, immunity, and absorbs lipids

Question 3

During capillary exchange ____ is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while ____ is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries

Answer 3

During capillary exchange, FILTRATION (ARTERIOLE END) is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while REABSORPTION (AT VENULE END) is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries

Question 4

Two forces determine whether filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called ______ while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called ________ which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called _____

Answer 4

Two forces determine whehter filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called BHP BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called COP CAPILLARY OSMOTIC PRESSURE which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called ALBUMIN

Question 5

Define edema

Answer 5

excess tissue fluid

Question 6

There can be problems in capillary exchange. List the 4 causes of edema during capillary exchange:

Answer 6

BP too high (BHP)
COP too low (Deficiency in albumin)
Lymphatic Blockage
Trauma (burns that increase capillary permeability)

Question 7

List 4 structures or organs without lymphatic capillaries

Answer 7

Red bone marrow
Bone
Cartilage
Cornea

Question 8

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called ____

Answer 8

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called TISSUE FLUID OR INTERSTITIAL FLUID

Question 9

Interstitial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lyymph vessels is called ____

Answer 9

Intersticial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lymph vessels is called LYMPH

Question 10

Specialized capillaries locaed in the villi in small intestines are called ____ and their function is to _____

Answer 10

Specialized capillaries located in the villi in small intestines are called LACTEALS and their function is to REABSORB AND TRANSPORT FAT (LYMPH IS NOW CALLED CHYLE)

Question 11

Lymphatic vessels similar to veins but with many more valves

Answer 11

Collecting valves

Question 12

Microscopic lymphatic vessels, collect lymph and transport it

Answer 12

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 13

Paired lymphatic vessels except one, formed from merged collecting vessels

Answer 13

Lymphatic trunks

Question 14

Blunt ended, attached to tissues by filaments

Answer 14

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 15

Begins as a sac inthe abdominal cavity, longst one

Answer 15

Thoracic duct

Question 16

Formed from merged lymphatic capillaries

Answer 16

Collecting vessels

Question 17

Contains only tunica intima with endothelial cells that overlap and form minivalves

Answer 17

Lyphatic capillaries

Question 18

Collects lymph from the left side of the head, trunk, neck, and below abdomen

Answer 18

Thoracic ducts

Question 19

Lymphatic vessels after trunks

Answer 19

Collecting ducts

Question 20

Very permeeable that it even collects chemical, cells form tissue

Answer 20

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 21

Empties into the junction of the left subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

Answer 21

Thoracic duct

Question 22

empties into the junction of the right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

Answer 22

Right lymphatic duct

Question 23

List the four categories of lymphatic vessels that lymph passes through from the time it is first formed until it returns to the main circulation

Answer 23

lymphatic capillaries -> collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> collecting ducts

Question 24

Interstitial fluid , that leaks from true capillaries is captured by _____ for its return to the main circulation. These lymphatic vessls are composed of loosely overlapping ______ cells that act as ______. ______ Found in the intestinal villi absorb and collect _______ (chyle - white)

Answer 24

Lymphatic capillaries
Simple squamous (endothelial)
Minivalves
Lacteal
Fat (lipids)

Question 25

Lymph is transported into lymphatic vessels in the similar manner to the way blood is transported by veins. Due to even lower pressure of lymph, list 8 of these mechanisms

Answer 25

1. Flow is aided by skeletal muscle pump. 2. Thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal thoracic cavity 3. Valves prevent backflow 4. Arterial pulsation from near arteries rhythmically squeezes lymph vessels 5. Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessles and stimulate to contract when vessels are stretched 6. Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins draws lymph into it 7. Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return

Question 26

There are ____ lymph nodes scattered throughout the body of a young adult. Lymph nodes have two basic functions: ______and ______

Answer 26

450 Cleanse lymph and act as site of B and T cell activation

Question 27

Outer region; with densley packed collections of lymphocytes called follicles and germinal centers

Answer 27

The outer cortex

Question 28

Outermost layer composed of fibrous connective tissue

Answer 28

capsule

Question 29

Area of lymph node where a vessel exits

Answer 29

the hilum

Question 30

Area in lymph node where B lymphocyres multiply

Answer 30

germinal centers

Question 31

Vessel that brings in "unfiltered" lymph to the lymph node

Answer 31

afferent lymphatic vessels

Question 32

Vessel that exits from node

Answer 32

efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 33

Th thoracic collecting duct begins as a sac in the abdominopelvic cavity called the

Answer 33

cisternae chyli

Question 34

_____ are a kind of WBC that arise and mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to lymph nodes to concentrate and multiply. THey multiply in areas of lymph nodes called _____. >>>>> are a kind of WBC that originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they ______ and ______ and wait to be released during an immune response

Answer 34

B lymphocytse germinal centers T lymphocyte mature develop

Question 35

List 5 other lymphoid organs beside lymph nodes

Answer 35

red bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, appendix

Question 36

Largest lymphoid organ; fist-sized

Answer 36

spleen

Question 37

Deep to the sternum in mediastinum

Answer 37

thymus

Question 38

ring of tissue around entrance to pharynx

Answer 38

tonsils

Question 39

mass of lymphoid tissue at end of cecum

Answer 39

appendix

Question 40

large, isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue in small intestine

Answer 40

peyers patch

Question 41

Where T lymphocyte become immunocompetent

Answer 41

thymus

Question 42

Prevents bacteria from entering through intestinal wall

Answer 42

peyers patch or malt

Question 43

located in left abdominal caviry just beneath diaphragm

Answer 43

spleen

Question 44

name the four types of tonsils

Answer 44

palatine, lingual, pharangeal, tubular

Question 45

who would have the largest thymus

Answer 45

infant

Question 46

what type of cell matures in the thymus gland

Answer 46

T-cells

Question 47

Where are peyers patches commonly found?

Answer 47

Distal portion of small intestine, ileum

Question 48

develop into macrophages

Answer 48

monocytes

Question 49

accumulates at onset of bacterial infection to phagocytize

Answer 49

neutrophils

Question 50

are important APC (antigen presenting cell) as they possess long branch-like processes that capture invaded pathogen and tkae to lymphatic organs (nodes)

Answer 50

Dendritic cells

Question 51

Name means big eater and are also APC's presenting antigenic fragment of bacteria to B and T cells to activat ethem

Answer 51

macrophages

Question 52

do not phagocytize are like t-cells in that they kill and attack viral-infected cells, transplanted tissue, and cancer cells

Answer 52

Natural killer cells

Question 53

cells when activated by a foreign pathogen proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that begin to make antibodies that will tag the pathogen for destruction

Answer 53

T cells

Question 54

How fast is lymphy flow compared to blood flow?

Answer 54

low pressure and slower speed compared to blood

Question 55

does the lymphatic system play a role in digestion?

Answer 55

yes

Question 56

Compare diffuse lymphatic tissue with lymphatic nodules (follicles)

Answer 56

diffuse lymphatic tissue consist of scattered lymph and macrophages, mainly MM (malt) but lymphatic nodlues contain aggregates or clusters of lymph and macrophages with germinal centers mainly in lymph organs except thymus

Question 57

the _____ ______ in the spleen functions in immunity while the ____ ____ functions in storage and graveyard of rbc's.

Answer 57

White pulp Red pulp

Question 58

Name and give the location of 3 kinds of tonsils

Answer 58

palantine - posterior margin or oral cavity lingual - at root of tongue pharangeal - single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

Question 59

filter lymph and acts as a nimmunosurveillance site for B and T cells

Answer 59

lymph node

Question 60

transports lymph

Answer 60

lymphatic vessels

Question 61

largest lymphatic organ, located in left upper quadrant

Answer 61

spleen

Question 62

atrophies with age, does not contain follicles (B cells) contains cripts

Answer 62

thymus

Question 63

rings or lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx

Answer 63

tonsils

Question 64

lymph nodes are designed to slow blood flow. How and why do they accomplish this?

Answer 64

lymph flows into node by sever afferent lymphatic vessels along convex surface but leaves through fewer efferent lymphatic pathways which causes slowing for proper cleaning and filtering

Question 65

what is MALT?

Answer 65

Mucosa associated lymph tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue, peyers patch, tonsils, appendix

Question 66

which lymph organs are primarily lymphatic organs and which are secondary and what is their function?

Answer 66

Primary (red bone marrow and thymus, function to produce lymphatic cells and mature) Secondary (all the rest - tonsils, spleenm appendix, lymph nodes - functions, sites t ohang out (seeding) and encounter a pathogen by lymphocytes

Question 67

Any foreign material or cell that can get inside your body and cause infection is called a

Answer 67

pathogen

Question 68

w many lines of defense does the immune system have

Answer 68

three

Question 69

the immune system is define as ____________ and _______ that neutralize and destroy the pathogen

Answer 69

a cluster of cells, proteins, mechanical or physical physiological processes

Question 70

list the four functions of the immune system

Answer 70

capture and destroy pathogens remove abnormal cells repair damaged tissue remove debris and clean up

Question 71

the immune system is divided into two major divisions: the ___ immunity which means defenses you are born with and _____ or ____ immunity which you develop overtime as you are exposed to pathogens

Answer 71

innate adaptive aquired

Question 72

characteristics of innate immunity

Answer 72

fever, macrophages, mucous membrane, NK cells, skin, inflammation, is nonspecific

Question 73

the first line of defense is part of the _____ immunity and includes external _____ such as ____, ____, and _____

Answer 73

innate physical barriers, skin, mucous membrane, subepithelial areolar tissue

Question 74

Not an example of a surface barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?

Answer 74

inflammation

Question 75

mucous membranes line the following tracts: the ______ tract, ______ tract and _______ tract. THe mucous acts as a protective physical barrier where it traps pathogens because its ______

Answer 75

Digestive, respiratory, urinary (and reproductive) sticky

Question 76

If a pathogen penetrates the 1st line of defense it encounters the 2nd line of defense which is part of ____ immunity and includes ______ barriers, like phagocytes and NK cells, _____ and _______ such as inflammation and fever

Answer 76

Innate cellular leukocytes cellular barriers

Question 77

2nd line of defense

Answer 77

NK cells, normal flora, neutrophils, macrphages, dendritic cells, eociniphils, basophils (all cellular), fever, inflammation (physical), and lysozyme, interferon, and complement (antiproteins)

Question 78

Innate immunity is also called ______ immunity because it acts the same way against all kinds of pathogens

Answer 78

nonspecific

Question 79

Use of anticholinergic medications that decrease salivation

Answer 79

cleanisng of oral mucosa

Question 80

vaginal atrophy related to normal aging

Answer 80

cleansing of vaginal mucosa

Question 81

dry eyes

Answer 81

tears with lysozyme

Question 82

long-term smoking

Answer 82

mucous-ciliary membrane of respiratory tract

Question 83

Decreassed urinary output as in enlarged prostate

Answer 83

flushing of microbes in urinary tract

Question 84

skin wound

Answer 84

closely packed keratinized cells

Question 85

excessive dryness of skin

Answer 85

sebum production

Question 86

removal of part of stomach

Answer 86

HCi production

Question 87

Three properties of skin that help it resist invasion

Answer 87

touchness of keratin, too dry and nutrient poor for microbial growth dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins = peptides made by skin cellls and sweat glands in the skin that kill microbes

Question 88

_____ are considered phagocyres but they also destroy pathogens by releasing chemicals around them in a killing zone called a _____

Answer 88

Neutrophils (and I don't know the second one lol)

Question 89

_______ cells do not phagocytize and are known to kill __________ and ______ cells (abnormal cells) and _____ tissue by binding first to the foreign cell and then releasing ______ that poke holes in pathogen membrane. They then release enzymes called _____ that enter the holes and kill forein cells. Then a _____ will come and clean up the debris

Answer 89

Natural killer, bacterial, viral cancer destroy perforins granzymes macrophage

Question 90

three antimicrobial proteins

Answer 90

interferons, complement system, lysozome

Question 91

____ is a protien enzyme found in all body secreetions such as ______. It causes the breakdown of bactrial cell walls

Answer 91

lysozome semen, saliva, mucous, milk, tears, gastric secretions

Question 92

three ways complement works as a defense

Answer 92

1. Inflammation - complement binds to basophils and mast cells causing release of histamine that then acrivates 2. Immune clearance - complement binds to Ag-Ab complexes on RBC's and macrophages, strip them off leaving cell unharmed. 3. Phagocytosis - complement binds to naked pathogens coating their surface, called opsinization, enhansing neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize them

Question 93

Interferon released from a ______ host cell, to protect ______ cells. Interferon will bind to the neighboring cells ______ site which will cause the neighboring cell to make _____ proteins will prevent viral replication and thus viral infection

Answer 93

viral infected neighboring surface receptor various

Question 94

____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature

Answer 94

fever

Question 95

the release of chemical called ____ from phagocyres, injured tissue and even pathogens themselves enters the blood and travels to an area in the brain that controls body temperature, the _____. Those chemicals _____ the body temp to a new, higher set point and cause a _____

Answer 95

pyrogens, hypothalamus, raise, fever

Question 96

three stages of a fever

Answer 96

onset = body temp rises stadium = body temp oscillates around new set point defervescence = body temp returns to normal

Question 97

how is fever beneficial?

Answer 97

promotes interferon activity, elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, inhibits reproduction of bactera and viruses

Question 98

______ is an innate process caused by cell injury due to trauma or an infection

Answer 98

inflammation

Question 99

three functions of inflammation

Answer 99

limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them removes debris from damaged tissue initiates tissue repair

Question 100

four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 100

redness = erythema, due to vasodilation of local red blood cells swelling = edema, due to more blood flow to capillaries and more fluid leaves during capillary exchange heat = calor, caused by more blood flow to area pain = dolar, caused by edema fluid pressing on nerves

Question 101

____ is thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue consisting of dead white blood cells and bactera with tissue debris and serum

Answer 101

Pus

Question 102

_____ is a swollen area within body tissue, due to tissue cavity containing an accumulation of pus

Answer 102

abscess

Question 103

what is Reye's syndrome

Answer 103

disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection like chickenpox or influenza when aspirin is used as treatment

Question 104

coating of a pathogen surface with complement or antibodies is called _____. This enhances phagocytosis by making the pathogen more edible to the macrophage, because of this complement and antibodies are called ____-

Answer 104

obsinization (idk the second one)