Exam 2 Prep Flashcards
List the 4 major components of the lymphatic system
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and lymphatic organs
Give three functions of the lymphatic system
Returns 15% back to circulation, immunity, and absorbs lipids
During capillary exchange ____ is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while ____ is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries
During capillary exchange, FILTRATION (ARTERIOLE END) is a movement of fluid, nutrients, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and gases from the blood in capillaries into the tissue, while REABSORPTION (AT VENULE END) is the movement of fluid with wastes from the tissue back into the blood in the capillaries
Two forces determine whether filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called ______ while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called ________ which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called _____
Two forces determine whehter filtration or reabsorption will occur at a given location along the length of the capillary. The force at the arterial end of the capillary that causes filtration is called BHP BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE while the force at the venule end that causes reabsorption is called COP CAPILLARY OSMOTIC PRESSURE which is due to the presence of a plasma protein in capillary blood called ALBUMIN
Define edema
excess tissue fluid
There can be problems in capillary exchange. List the 4 causes of edema during capillary exchange:
BP too high (BHP)
COP too low (Deficiency in albumin)
Lymphatic Blockage
Trauma (burns that increase capillary permeability)
List 4 structures or organs without lymphatic capillaries
Red bone marrow
Bone
Cartilage
Cornea
The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called ____
The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues is called TISSUE FLUID OR INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Interstitial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lyymph vessels is called ____
Intersticial fluid or tissue fluid that enters lymph vessels is called LYMPH
Specialized capillaries locaed in the villi in small intestines are called ____ and their function is to _____
Specialized capillaries located in the villi in small intestines are called LACTEALS and their function is to REABSORB AND TRANSPORT FAT (LYMPH IS NOW CALLED CHYLE)
Lymphatic vessels similar to veins but with many more valves
Collecting valves
Microscopic lymphatic vessels, collect lymph and transport it
Lymphatic capillaries
Paired lymphatic vessels except one, formed from merged collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Blunt ended, attached to tissues by filaments
Lymphatic capillaries
Begins as a sac inthe abdominal cavity, longst one
Thoracic duct
Formed from merged lymphatic capillaries
Collecting vessels
Contains only tunica intima with endothelial cells that overlap and form minivalves
Lyphatic capillaries
Collects lymph from the left side of the head, trunk, neck, and below abdomen
Thoracic ducts
Lymphatic vessels after trunks
Collecting ducts
Very permeeable that it even collects chemical, cells form tissue
Lymphatic capillaries
Empties into the junction of the left subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
Thoracic duct
empties into the junction of the right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein
Right lymphatic duct
List the four categories of lymphatic vessels that lymph passes through from the time it is first formed until it returns to the main circulation
lymphatic capillaries -> collecting vessels -> lymphatic trunks -> collecting ducts
Interstitial fluid , that leaks from true capillaries is captured by _____ for its return to the main circulation. These lymphatic vessls are composed of loosely overlapping ______ cells that act as ______. ______ Found in the intestinal villi absorb and collect _______ (chyle - white)
Lymphatic capillaries
Simple squamous (endothelial)
Minivalves
Lacteal
Fat (lipids)
Lymph is transported into lymphatic vessels in the similar manner to the way blood is transported by veins. Due to even lower pressure of lymph, list 8 of these mechanisms
- Flow is aided by skeletal muscle pump.
- Thoracic pump aids flow from abdominal thoracic cavity
- Valves prevent backflow
- Arterial pulsation from near arteries rhythmically squeezes lymph vessels
- Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessles and stimulate to contract when vessels are stretched
- Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins draws lymph into it
- Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
There are ____ lymph nodes scattered throughout the body of a young adult. Lymph nodes have two basic functions: ______and ______
450
Cleanse lymph and act as site of B and T cell activation
Outer region; with densley packed collections of lymphocytes called follicles and germinal centers
The outer cortex
Outermost layer composed of fibrous connective tissue
capsule
Area of lymph node where a vessel exits
the hilum
Area in lymph node where B lymphocyres multiply
germinal centers
Vessel that brings in “unfiltered” lymph to the lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessels
Vessel that exits from node
efferent lymphatic vessels
Th thoracic collecting duct begins as a sac in the abdominopelvic cavity called the
cisternae chyli
_____ are a kind of WBC that arise and mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to lymph nodes to concentrate and multiply. THey multiply in areas of lymph nodes called _____.»_space;»> are a kind of WBC that originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus where they ______ and ______ and wait to be released during an immune response
B lymphocytse
germinal centers
T lymphocyte
mature
develop
List 5 other lymphoid organs beside lymph nodes
red bone marrow,
thymus,
tonsils,
spleen,
appendix
Largest lymphoid organ; fist-sized
spleen
Deep to the sternum in mediastinum
thymus
ring of tissue around entrance to pharynx
tonsils
mass of lymphoid tissue at end of cecum
appendix
large, isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue in small intestine
peyers patch
Where T lymphocyte become immunocompetent
thymus
Prevents bacteria from entering through intestinal wall
peyers patch or malt
located in left abdominal caviry just beneath diaphragm
spleen
name the four types of tonsils
palatine, lingual, pharangeal, tubular
who would have the largest thymus
infant
what type of cell matures in the thymus gland
T-cells
Where are peyers patches commonly found?
Distal portion of small intestine, ileum
develop into macrophages
monocytes
accumulates at onset of bacterial infection to phagocytize
neutrophils
are important APC (antigen presenting cell) as they possess long branch-like processes that capture invaded pathogen and tkae to lymphatic organs (nodes)
Dendritic cells
Name means big eater and are also APC’s presenting antigenic fragment of bacteria to B and T cells to activat ethem
macrophages
do not phagocytize are like t-cells in that they kill and attack viral-infected cells, transplanted tissue, and cancer cells
Natural killer cells
cells when activated by a foreign pathogen proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells that begin to make antibodies that will tag the pathogen for destruction
T cells
How fast is lymphy flow compared to blood flow?
low pressure and slower speed compared to blood
does the lymphatic system play a role in digestion?
yes
Compare diffuse lymphatic tissue with lymphatic nodules (follicles)
diffuse lymphatic tissue consist of scattered lymph and macrophages, mainly MM (malt) but lymphatic nodlues contain aggregates or clusters of lymph and macrophages with germinal centers mainly in lymph organs except thymus
the _____ ______ in the spleen functions in immunity while the ____ ____ functions in storage and graveyard of rbc’s.
White pulp
Red pulp
Name and give the location of 3 kinds of tonsils
palantine - posterior margin or oral cavity
lingual - at root of tongue
pharangeal - single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx
filter lymph and acts as a nimmunosurveillance site for B and T cells
lymph node
transports lymph
lymphatic vessels
largest lymphatic organ, located in left upper quadrant
spleen
atrophies with age, does not contain follicles (B cells) contains cripts
thymus
rings or lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx
tonsils
lymph nodes are designed to slow blood flow. How and why do they accomplish this?
lymph flows into node by sever afferent lymphatic vessels along convex surface but leaves through fewer efferent lymphatic pathways which causes slowing for proper cleaning and filtering
what is MALT?
Mucosa associated lymph tissue, diffuse lymphatic tissue, peyers patch, tonsils, appendix
which lymph organs are primarily lymphatic organs and which are secondary and what is their function?
Primary (red bone marrow and thymus, function to produce lymphatic cells and mature)
Secondary (all the rest - tonsils, spleenm appendix, lymph nodes - functions, sites t ohang out (seeding) and encounter a pathogen by lymphocytes
Any foreign material or cell that can get inside your body and cause infection is called a
pathogen
w many lines of defense does the immune system have
three
the immune system is define as ____________ and _______ that neutralize and destroy the pathogen
a cluster of cells, proteins, mechanical or physical
physiological processes
list the four functions of the immune system
capture and destroy pathogens
remove abnormal cells
repair damaged tissue
remove debris and clean up
the immune system is divided into two major divisions: the ___ immunity which means defenses you are born with and _____ or ____ immunity which you develop overtime as you are exposed to pathogens
innate
adaptive
aquired
characteristics of innate immunity
fever, macrophages, mucous membrane, NK cells, skin, inflammation, is nonspecific
the first line of defense is part of the _____ immunity and includes external _____ such as ____, ____, and _____
innate
physical barriers,
skin,
mucous membrane,
subepithelial areolar tissue
Not an example of a surface barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?
inflammation
mucous membranes line the following tracts: the ______ tract, ______ tract and _______ tract. THe mucous acts as a protective physical barrier where it traps pathogens because its ______
Digestive,
respiratory,
urinary (and reproductive)
sticky
If a pathogen penetrates the 1st line of defense it encounters the 2nd line of defense which is part of ____ immunity and includes ______ barriers, like phagocytes and NK cells, _____ and _______ such as inflammation and fever
Innate
cellular
leukocytes
cellular barriers
2nd line of defense
NK cells, normal flora, neutrophils, macrphages, dendritic cells, eociniphils, basophils (all cellular), fever, inflammation (physical), and lysozyme, interferon, and complement (antiproteins)
Innate immunity is also called ______ immunity because it acts the same way against all kinds of pathogens
nonspecific
Use of anticholinergic medications that decrease salivation
cleanisng of oral mucosa
vaginal atrophy related to normal aging
cleansing of vaginal mucosa
dry eyes
tears with lysozyme
long-term smoking
mucous-ciliary membrane of respiratory tract
Decreassed urinary output as in enlarged prostate
flushing of microbes in urinary tract
skin wound
closely packed keratinized cells
excessive dryness of skin
sebum production
removal of part of stomach
HCi production
Three properties of skin that help it resist invasion
touchness of keratin,
too dry and nutrient poor for microbial growth
dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins = peptides made by skin cellls and sweat glands in the skin that kill microbes
_____ are considered phagocyres but they also destroy pathogens by releasing chemicals around them in a killing zone called a _____
Neutrophils (and I don’t know the second one lol)
_______ cells do not phagocytize and are known to kill __________ and ______ cells (abnormal cells) and _____ tissue by binding first to the foreign cell and then releasing ______ that poke holes in pathogen membrane. They then release enzymes called _____ that enter the holes and kill forein cells. Then a _____ will come and clean up the debris
Natural killer,
bacterial, viral
cancer
destroy
perforins
granzymes
macrophage
three antimicrobial proteins
interferons, complement system, lysozome
____ is a protien enzyme found in all body secreetions such as ______. It causes the breakdown of bactrial cell walls
lysozome
semen, saliva, mucous, milk, tears, gastric secretions
three ways complement works as a defense
- Inflammation - complement binds to basophils and mast cells causing release of histamine that then acrivates
- Immune clearance - complement binds to Ag-Ab complexes on RBC’s and macrophages, strip them off leaving cell unharmed.
- Phagocytosis - complement binds to naked pathogens coating their surface, called opsinization, enhansing neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize them
Interferon released from a ______ host cell, to protect ______ cells. Interferon will bind to the neighboring cells ______ site which will cause the neighboring cell to make _____ proteins will prevent viral replication and thus viral infection
viral infected
neighboring
surface receptor
various
____ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature
fever
the release of chemical called ____ from phagocyres, injured tissue and even pathogens themselves enters the blood and travels to an area in the brain that controls body temperature, the _____. Those chemicals _____ the body temp to a new, higher set point and cause a _____
pyrogens,
hypothalamus,
raise,
fever
three stages of a fever
onset = body temp rises
stadium = body temp oscillates around new set point
defervescence = body temp returns to normal
how is fever beneficial?
promotes interferon activity, elevates metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, inhibits reproduction of bactera and viruses
______ is an innate process caused by cell injury due to trauma or an infection
inflammation
three functions of inflammation
limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them
removes debris from damaged tissue
initiates tissue repair
four cardinal signs of inflammation
redness = erythema, due to vasodilation of local red blood cells
swelling = edema, due to more blood flow to capillaries and more fluid leaves during capillary exchange
heat = calor, caused by more blood flow to area
pain = dolar, caused by edema fluid pressing on nerves
____ is thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue consisting of dead white blood cells and bactera with tissue debris and serum
Pus
_____ is a swollen area within body tissue, due to tissue cavity containing an accumulation of pus
abscess
what is Reye’s syndrome
disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection like chickenpox or influenza when aspirin is used as treatment
coating of a pathogen surface with complement or antibodies is called _____. This enhances phagocytosis by making the pathogen more edible to the macrophage, because of this complement and antibodies are called ____-
obsinization (idk the second one)
