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anatomy 2402 > lecture exam 2 > Flashcards

lecture exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system collect from surrounding tissues and return to the blood?

A

Interstitial fluids that leak out of blood capillaries

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2
Q

What are the normal components of lymph?

A

Water, plasma proteins, fats, lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system or tissue?

A

Return interstitial fluids to blood circulation, absorb lipids from digestive tract, filters the blood and mounts an immune response to defend against infections

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4
Q

How does the permeability of lymphatic capillaries compare to that of blood capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries due to their flaplike minivalves and collagen filaments.

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5
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found in the body? Where are they absent?

A

Found everywhere except
bones, teeth, bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissues

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6
Q

are specialized lymph capillaries that occur in the fingerlike projections (villi) that extend into the small intestine.

A

Lacteals

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7
Q

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

A

right lymphatic duct

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8
Q

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the left side of the body and lower body?

A

thoracic duct

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9
Q

What are the mechanisms that maintain lymph flow?

A

Skeletal muscle action, thoracic pressure changes, pulse of nearby arteries, and valves that prevent backflow

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10
Q

What do both lymph transport and venous blood flow have in common?

A

Have minimal (or none)
pressure propulsion; both contain valves to prevent backflow of fluids.

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11
Q

Explain how disorders of lymphatic structures can result in edema.

A

Edema is fluid buildup, this can
happen when there is poor circulation, swollen glands, or parasitic/bacterial infections.

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12
Q

What are the small organs associated with lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

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13
Q

What kind of tissue predominantly makes up lymphoid tissue?

A

reticular connective tissue

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14
Q

Where are large clusters of lymph nodes found within the body?

A

Axillary, cervical, inguinal, and
mammary regions.

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15
Q

Be able to list and/or label the major structures of a lymph node. What vessels allow lymph to enter and exit a lymph node?

A

The capsule is a connective tissue membrane that surrounds the entire lymph node. Trabeculae are projections of the capsule that extend into the node to form compartments. Fluids enter via afferent vessels and exit via efferent vessels. As lymph travels into the lymph node, it is filtered as it passes through follicles located in the cortex and sinuses located in the medulla.

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16
Q

What is a bubo?

A

Inflammation of a lymph node

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17
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

Parasitic disease that causes swelling, usually found in the feet

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18
Q

What are the other lymphoid organs besides lymph nodes?

A

Spleen, thymus

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19
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Filters blood, destroys and recycles old RBC’s, blood reservoir, and produces blood cells during fetal development

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20
Q

What are the tissues referred to as MALT? List them

A

Peyer’s patches, appendix, and tonsils

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21
Q

What are the functions of the thymus gland? What affect does age have on the size of the thymus?

A

Promotes maturation of T-cells; grows during childhood to maximum size around puberty, then gets smaller as it atrophies to fat by the time you end puberty

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22
Q

Which immune cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?

A

Mature T-cells

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23
Q

What are Peyer’s patches and where are they located?

A

Nodules of lymphatic tissue in the ileum of the small intestines.

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24
Q

Name each of the tonsils and their locations. What is their function?

A

Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual
tonsils. Function is to filter particles entering the body through the mouth or nose

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25
Q

List the mechanisms that play a role in the body’s first line of defense against microorganisms

A

Skin: low pH, keratin, dermicidin. Gastric juice has low pH. Mucous membranes entrap foreign materials. Saliva contains antimicrobial proteins.

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26
Q

List the mechanisms that play a role in the body’s second line of defense against microorganisms.

A

Phagocytic cells, NK cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, and fever

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27
Q

What is opsonization? Explain.

A

The process in which proteins and antibodies bind to a foreign particle to make its surface more adherent to phagocytes

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28
Q

List the mechanisms of the innate immune system defenses.

A

Skin and mucous membranes first, followed by cells and chemicals

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29
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells? Describe their role.

A

Lymphocytes that causes non-self cells to undergo apoptosis.

30
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

31
Q

What are the functions of the inflammatory response?

A

Increase blood flow to tissue to aid in repair

32
Q

Since parasitic worms are too large to phagocytize; they are attacked mainly by (cell type)

A

eosinophils

33
Q

Explain the happenings of phagocyte mobilization?

A

Phagocytes are able to find an injury site due to chemotaxis, which is the movement of cells in response to chemical gradients

34
Q

What are macrophages? Describe their role.

A

Macrophages are the main phagocytic cell within our body,
so they play a large role in destroying foreign materials.

35
Q

Explain what happens during chemotaxis.

A

Chemical gradients changing at an injury site attracts more
phagocytes.

36
Q

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

A

Proteins that an invaded cell secretes to stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins.

37
Q

What is fever? What occurs that leads to a fever?

A

Rise in body temperatures due to chemicals secreted by leukocytes and macrophages called pyrogens.

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Must encounter antigen before mounting a defense against it. Takes longer to occur (4-6 days), but has memory for subsequent times the antigen enters the body.

39
Q

Explain the relation between self and nonself antigens and the immune cells.

A

Immune cells recognize
self vs non-self cells due to glycoproteins present on the cell membrane. This allows an immune response to be mounted against non-self cells, or self cells that have been invaded.

40
Q

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called

A

haptens, aka incomplete antigens.

41
Q

What are the characteristics of complete antigens?

A

They are large molecules capable of stimulating an
immune response on their own.

42
Q

Can an antigen have many different antigenic determinants?

A

Yes, meaning multiple antibodies can be produced for the same antigen.

43
Q

Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. What does this mean?

A

Immunogenicity is the ability to
stimulate the proliferation of specific lymphocytes. Reactivity is the ability to react with antibodies and lymphocytes released with an immune response

44
Q

What are epitopes?

A

Specific part of an antigen that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to; also called antigenic determinants.

45
Q

What types of polymers can become antigens?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids are the most common antigens.

46
Q

What is the significance of MHC proteins, Class I and II, to the immune response?

A

Glycoproteins found
on a cell membrane that allow the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self cells.

47
Q

What is immunocompetence as in B or T cells?

A

The lymphocyte becomes mature when it displays
antigen receptors on its plasma membrane that allow it to bind to a specific antigen. Types of antigen receptors depends on genes.

48
Q

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

A

bone marrow

49
Q

What are primary lymph organs and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary: bone marrow and thymus. Secondary: lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

50
Q

It is our ___ not antigens, that determine what specific foreign
substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

A

genes

51
Q

When do T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent?

A

When they have encountered their antigen

52
Q

Where are the antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule?

A

Variable region

53
Q

The antibody molecule is held together by __ bonds

A

disulfide

54
Q

What are the results of antibody activity i.e. what is the function of antibodies?

A

Bind to antigen to be detected by B cell.

55
Q

What is the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit of the following antibodies: IgD, IgA, IgG, and IgM?

A

IgD: 2 binding sites; IgA: 4 binding sites; IgG: 2 binding sites; IgM: 10 binding sites

56
Q

How do antibodies contribute to complement fixation?

A

When an antibody binds to an antigen, this triggers complement to bind to them, leading to lysis of the foreign cell.

57
Q

Before a B lymphocyte can secrete antibodies it must transform into ___ cells

A

plasma

58
Q

What is clonal selection in B cells? What does it result in?

A

Clonal selection is when a B cell encounters its specific antigen then proliferates, producing clones of itself. This takes about 4-6 days, and the clones
differentiate into either plasma cells or memory cells.

59
Q

How do B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge?

A

By producing plasma and memory cells

60
Q

How does the primary immune response compare to the secondary response? What occurs and what is the rate of response in both?

A

Primary immune response takes 4-5 days to initiate and antibody levels decline after several weeks. Secondary immune response is re-exposure to an antigen and response only takes a few hours, and antibody levels will stay higher for months.

61
Q

Compare and contrast active and passive immunity. Give examples of each

A

Active immunity is when a
B-cell encounters antigens and produces antibodies against them; naturally acquired in response to bacteria, or artificially acquired in response to vaccine. Passive immunity is when already made antibodies are introduced into the body; naturally acquired through the placenta or breast milk; artificially acquired through serum injections.

62
Q

The function of the__ is to promote the maturation of T lymphocytes through the secretion of thymopoietin and thymosin.

A

thymus

63
Q

How do interleukins 1 and 2 enhance T cells?

A

Interleukins stimulate T-cells to proliferate and differentiate according to their function; specifically, interleukin 1 promotes inflammation, and
interleukin 2 stimulates T and B cell proliferation.

64
Q

are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other
leukocytes into the area.

A

cytokines

65
Q

Compare and contrast CD4 and CD8 cells.

A

CD4 cells usually become helper T cells (also regulatory T cells) that activate B cells and other T cells, as well as macrophages. CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells that destroy cells containing foreign antigens. Both can also become memory cells

66
Q

List the various types of T cells and their function. Which is the most critical cell in immunity?

A

Helper T cells direct the activation of other immune cells, and they are the most critical cell in immunity. Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill other cells. Regulatory T cells suppress the activity of lymphocytes via cytokines to prevent autoimmune responses. Memory T cells are long-lived and allow a faster response to a subsequent invasion.

67
Q

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the

A

cytotoxic T-cells

68
Q

Define each of the following grafts and give examples: isografts, allografts, xenografts, autografts. Which results in graft rejection?

A

An isograft is from a genetically identical twin, an allograft is from an individual of the same species, a xenograft is from another animal species, and an autograft is from another part on the same body.

69
Q

What are proposed causes of autoimmune disorders?

A

The combination of genes and the environment

70
Q

What is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

An allergic reaction that occurs 24-48 hours after exposure due to time needed for T-cell activation.

anatomy 2402 (6 decks)

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