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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone

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2
Q

Composition of the Skeletal System

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Living tissue

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3
Q

General feature flat bone

A
  • Thin curved plates
  • sternum
  • scapula
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4
Q

General feature long bone

A
  • Important In movement
  • Often on appendages
  • Demur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius ulna, phalanges, metatarsals and metatropes
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5
Q

General feature short bone

A
  • Square shape bones
  • Carpals and tarsals
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6
Q

General feature Irregular bone

A
  • Don’t have a specific shape
  • Vertebra and some facial bones are considered irregular bones
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7
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Compact Bone

A
  • Solid bone that is on the outside of a bone
  • Different microscopic appearance than spongy bones
  • All bones have compact on the outside (irregular short etc)
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8
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Spongy Bone

A
  • Looks like sponge
  • Has many holes
  • Inside of bone
  • All bones have spongy on the inside
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9
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Medullary Cavity

A
  • Open spaces in the center of bone – hold marrow
  • Specific to long bones
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10
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Diaphysis

A
  • Shaft In the center of the bone
  • Contains medullary cavity in center
  • Very little spongy bone – thick layer of compact vibe that is
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11
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Epiphysis

A
  • Expanded ends of the long bone filles with spongy bone (outside is a layer of compact bone)
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12
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Epiphyseal Line

A
  • Line between diaphysis and epiphysis
    – Made of cartilage in children and compact bone in adults
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13
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone - Articular Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone
  • Protects the bone at joint surfaces
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14
Q

Membranes of the Bone - Nutrient Foramina (foramina – hole)

A
  • Holes reaching into inside of bone – where blood vessels enter bone
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15
Q

Membranes of the Bone - Periosteum

A
  • Membrane on the outside of the bone – covers diaphysis and some epiphysis
  • None over articular cartilage
  • Made of collagen and has osteoblasts under
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16
Q

Membranes of the Bone - Endosteum

A
  • Reticular connective tissue that lines the medullar cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone
  • Provides an attachment and nourishment for marrow
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17
Q

The Diploe - Structure

A

Spongy layer of the inside of the cranial bones that cover the brain

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18
Q

The Diploe - Function

A
  • Shock absorbs for trauma
  • Stops a crack from continuing from outer to inner compact bone
  • Protects brain
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19
Q

Bone Tissue - cells

A
  • Mature cells – osteocytes sit in lacunae
  • Osteoblasts – make matrix
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20
Q

Bone tissue - fibers

A

collagen

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21
Q

Bone Tissue - Ground substance

A

Matrix hardened by crystals of hydroxy peptide (calcium phosphate)

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22
Q

Bone cells - Osteogenic cells

A
  • Stem cells (divide and make more stem cells)
  • Differentiate into more mature cells (osteoblasts)

Location
- Mesenchyme – from the membrane of the embryo
- Exists in the periosteum and endosteum

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23
Q

Bone Cells - osteoblasts

A
  • Make bone matrix
  • Make the collagen and the GAGs (later hardens with minerals)

Location
- Cuboidal cells, lined up under periosteum and endosteum
- Do not divide – made from osteogenic cells

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24
Q

Bone Cells - osteocytes

A
  • Mature osteoblasts that become trapped in their matrix
  • No Cell Division
  • In lacunae in bone tissue
  • Communicate with other osteocytes
  • Star-shaped
  • Share nutrients with other osteocytes
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25
Q

Bone Matrix - Inorganic Matter

A
  • 2/3
  • 85% hydroxyapatite – crystallized calcium phosphate salt
  • 10% calcium carbonate
  • Small amount of magnesium, sodium, potassium fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide ions
  • Brought in by blood
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26
Q

Bone as Composite - Collagen

A
  • Flexible and stops bone from being brittle
  • Holds bone together
  • has sacrificial bonds that break under stress - absorbs the shock
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27
Q

Bone as Composite - Hydroxyapatite

A

Supports weight without sagging

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28
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

A
  • Immovable (or slightly mobile)
  • Only found in bones of the skull and nowhere else
  • 3 types (serrate sutures, lab sutures, plane sutures)
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29
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutural Ligament

A

Small ligaments that join the sutures of the skull together

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30
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Serrate sutures

A
  • Wavy lines that interlocks
  • Coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures
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31
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Lap Sutures

A
  • Where the two bones have straight and non overlapping edges
  • Temporal/sphenoid/parietal – squamosal structure
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32
Q

Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Plane Sutures

A
  • Straight non overlapping edges
  • Roof of the mouth has a plane suture
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33
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

A

Tooth to Socket
- Tooth is joined by its socket by a gomphosis joint

Periodontal Ligament
- Ligament that joins the tooth to the socket

Slight Give
- If you get food in your teeth, there is a slight give so you feel the slight give so you feel the give and can take food out

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34
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A
  • Connection of two bones that are bound by long and collagenous fibers
  • High level of mobility - allows pronation and supination

Interosseous Ligaments
- Join the radius and ulna at distal end – Join syndesmosis joints

Tibia and Fibula
- Shorter interosseous ligaments at base of leg, near foot – allow rotation but it is limited

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35
Q

Cartilagenous Joints: Synchondroses

A
  • Linked by hyaline cartilage (Temporary joints which become boney joints with age) -> Two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
  • Immobile
  • Epiphyseal plate makes a cartilaginous joint before it closes (children)
  • First Rib and Sternum (X)
36
Q

Cartilagenous Joints: Symphyses

A
  • Linked by fibrocartilage – lots of collagen (Thick, cushiony, fibrocartilage pad)
  • Pubic Symphysis (Joint in front of pelvis that stretches for childbirth)
  • Joints Between Vertebrae (Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage)
  • Joints with cushions
  • Slights mobile
37
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • Freely movable
  • 2 bones close together, each with articular cartilage at end
  • Joined by a joint capsule with fluid in it
  • Each bone entering the joint is covered with articular cartilage – protective layer
  • Space between bones (joint cavity), filled with slippery synovial fluid
  • joint capsule - 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue that protect the joint and make synovial fluid
38
Q

Parts of the Joint Capsule

A

Outer Fibrous Capsule
- Made of dense connective tissue – continuous with the periosteum of the bone
- Makes a continuous surface between the bones

Inner Synovial Membrane
- Made of fibroblast fine cells – secrete synovial fluid into joint cavity
- Contains macrophages that clear debris

39
Q

Menisci

A

Pads of fibrocartilage within the joint capsule cushion space between bones

40
Q

Bursae

A
  • Sacs surrounded by synovial membrane
  • Make synovial fluid
  • Cushion joint from the outside
41
Q

Bursae

A
  • Sacs surrounded by synovial membrane
  • Make synovial fluid
  • Cushion joint from the outside
42
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Allow movement of bones
43
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Allow movement of bones
44
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Hold bones and joints together
45
Q

Classes of Synovial Joints

A

Ball and Socket

Condylar

Saddle

Plane

Hinge

Pivot

46
Q

Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket

A
  • Mainly hips and shoulder joint
  • One surface has a ball like, smooth hemisphere of a head and the other has a socket
  • Most freely mobile
47
Q

Synovial Joints: Condylar

A
  • Oval convex surface on slight depression
  • Carpals and radius
  • Metacarpals and phalanges
  • movement in 2 direction
48
Q

Synovial Joints: Saddle

A
  • Where both bones look like a saddle (has a saddle surface)
  • Movement In two planes
  • Sternum and clavicle
  • Trapezoid and metacarpal (thumb)
49
Q

Synovial Joints: Plane

A
  • Bone surfaces flat
  • Slide but not bend
  • Vertebrae, carpals and tarsals with each other
50
Q

Synovial Joints: Hinge

A
  • Like a door hinge
  • Between humerus and ulna
  • Joints between phalanges
51
Q

Shoulder Joint - Bones

A

Scapula and humerus

52
Q

Shoulder Joint - Glenoid Labrum

A
  • Pad of fibrocartilage in the socket of the scapula
  • Pads the shoulder, joint, and deepens the socket
53
Q

Shoulder Joint - Features

A
  • Ball (head of humerus) and socket (socket of scapula).
  • Most movable joint
  • Many ligaments, tendons and bursae
  • Very loose joint, dislocated easily
54
Q

Elbow Joint - Bones

A
  • Head of the radius
  • Condyles of the humerus
  • Trochlea notch of ulna
55
Q

Elbow Joint - Humeroulnar Joint

A
  • Makes a hinge joint between the humerus and ulna
  • Movement in 1 place
56
Q

Elbow Joint - Humeroradial Joint

A
  • Capitulum of the humerus, head of radius
  • Gliding slightly condylar joint
  • Humerus and radius slide post each other
57
Q

Elbow Joint - Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A
  • Head of radius, radial notch of ulna
  • Tied together
  • Tied together by annular ligament
  • Pivot joint – allows pronation and supination of hand
58
Q

Hip Joint - bones

A

Head of femur and acetabulum of the pelvis

59
Q

Hip Joint - Acetabular Labrum

A
  • Deepens and pads the shoulder joint (acetabulum)
  • Fibrocartilage pad in acetabulum
60
Q

Hip Joint - Features

A

Several ligaments and bursae

61
Q

Knee Joint - Tibiofemoral Joint

A
  • Largest and most complex joint in the body
  • Primarily hinge, has more motion (rotation)
  • Condyles of femur
  • Condyles of tibia
  • Fibula does not enter
62
Q

Knee Joint - Ligaments

A

Many ligaments

63
Q

Knee Joint - Menisci

A
  • 2 menisci – lateral and medial meniscus between condyles
  • pad the knee
64
Q

4 main ligaments of the knee

A
  • Lateral collateral ligament (LCL – FCL)
  • Medial collateral ligament (MCL – TCL)
  • Ligaments inside the knee form anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PCL posterior cruciate ligament
65
Q

Knee Joint - Patellar Ligament

A
  • Connects quadriceps to the tibia
  • Contains patella – helps orient the joint
66
Q

Ankle Joint - Talocrural Joint

A

Between talus (tarsal) and tibia and fibula

67
Q

Ankle Joint - Tendons and Ligaments

A

Many tendons and ligaments

68
Q

Ankle Joint - Sprains

A

Tear in ligaments

69
Q

Compact Bone Structure - osteon

A

ring shaped structure that is around a central canal

70
Q

Compact Bone Structure - central canal

A
  • hole in the center of osteon
  • carries blood vessels and nerves thru the osteon
71
Q

Compact Bone Structure - lamellae

A

concentric rings around central canal within the osteon

72
Q

Compact Bone Structure - canaliculi

A

channels that connect lacunae

73
Q

Compact Bone Structure - perforating canals

A

horizontal canals that connect central canal to each other

74
Q

Compact Bone Structure - nutrient foramina

A

holes on surface of the bone that allow blood vessels and nerves

75
Q

Nutrient passage in bone - Ostocytes

A

cells with many extensions

76
Q

Nutrient passage in bone - canaliculi

A
  • channels that connect osteocytes
  • osteocytes touch in the canaliculi
77
Q

Nutrient passage in bone - gap junctions

A

osteocytes are connected by gap junctions where they touch - make a pore where cytoplasm of cells can cross

78
Q

Spongy bone Structure (8)

A

Spicules - spikes in bones

Trabecular - longer stretches of spongy bone - forming along lines of stress

endosteum - inside of spongy bine is lined with endosteum (membrane)

bone marrow - fills open spaces with spongy bone

no osteons - osteocytes not organized in tree trunk structures

no central canal - nourishes by membranes around them

lamellae - sometimes osteocytes will form rings

osteocytes - sit in lacunae, connected by gap junctions

79
Q

Spongy bone Structure (8)

A

Spicules - spikes in bones

Trabecular - longer stretches of spongy bone - forming along lines of stress

endosteum - inside of spongy bine is lined with endosteum (membrane)

bone marrow - fills open spaces with spongy bone

no osteons - osteocytes not organized in tree trunk structures

no central canal - nourishes by membranes around them

lamellae - sometimes osteocytes will form rings

osteocytes - sit in lacunae, connected by gap junctions

80
Q

bone marrow - location

A

in the space of spongy bone + medullary cavity of long bone

81
Q

red marrow

A

makes blood cells

82
Q

yellow marrow

A

stores fat

83
Q

bone marrow in children

A

all spaces in spongy bine and medullary cavities filled with red marrow

84
Q

bone marrow in adults

A
  • bones in trunk and proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus have red marrow
  • remainder filled with yellow marrow
85
Q

Bone development

A

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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