Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
Osteology
Study of bone
Composition of the Skeletal System
Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Living tissue
General feature flat bone
- Thin curved plates
- sternum
- scapula
General feature long bone
- Important In movement
- Often on appendages
- Demur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius ulna, phalanges, metatarsals and metatropes
General feature short bone
- Square shape bones
- Carpals and tarsals
General feature Irregular bone
- Don’t have a specific shape
- Vertebra and some facial bones are considered irregular bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Compact Bone
- Solid bone that is on the outside of a bone
- Different microscopic appearance than spongy bones
- All bones have compact on the outside (irregular short etc)
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Spongy Bone
- Looks like sponge
- Has many holes
- Inside of bone
- All bones have spongy on the inside
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Medullary Cavity
- Open spaces in the center of bone – hold marrow
- Specific to long bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Diaphysis
- Shaft In the center of the bone
- Contains medullary cavity in center
- Very little spongy bone – thick layer of compact vibe that is
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Epiphysis
- Expanded ends of the long bone filles with spongy bone (outside is a layer of compact bone)
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Epiphyseal Line
- Line between diaphysis and epiphysis
– Made of cartilage in children and compact bone in adults
Anatomy of a Long Bone - Articular Cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage at the ends of bone
- Protects the bone at joint surfaces
Membranes of the Bone - Nutrient Foramina (foramina – hole)
- Holes reaching into inside of bone – where blood vessels enter bone
Membranes of the Bone - Periosteum
- Membrane on the outside of the bone – covers diaphysis and some epiphysis
- None over articular cartilage
- Made of collagen and has osteoblasts under
Membranes of the Bone - Endosteum
- Reticular connective tissue that lines the medullar cavity and internal spaces of spongy bone
- Provides an attachment and nourishment for marrow
The Diploe - Structure
Spongy layer of the inside of the cranial bones that cover the brain
The Diploe - Function
- Shock absorbs for trauma
- Stops a crack from continuing from outer to inner compact bone
- Protects brain
Bone Tissue - cells
- Mature cells – osteocytes sit in lacunae
- Osteoblasts – make matrix
Bone tissue - fibers
collagen
Bone Tissue - Ground substance
Matrix hardened by crystals of hydroxy peptide (calcium phosphate)
Bone cells - Osteogenic cells
- Stem cells (divide and make more stem cells)
- Differentiate into more mature cells (osteoblasts)
Location
- Mesenchyme – from the membrane of the embryo
- Exists in the periosteum and endosteum
Bone Cells - osteoblasts
- Make bone matrix
- Make the collagen and the GAGs (later hardens with minerals)
Location
- Cuboidal cells, lined up under periosteum and endosteum
- Do not divide – made from osteogenic cells
Bone Cells - osteocytes
- Mature osteoblasts that become trapped in their matrix
- No Cell Division
- In lacunae in bone tissue
- Communicate with other osteocytes
- Star-shaped
- Share nutrients with other osteocytes
Bone Matrix - Inorganic Matter
- 2/3
- 85% hydroxyapatite – crystallized calcium phosphate salt
- 10% calcium carbonate
- Small amount of magnesium, sodium, potassium fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide ions
- Brought in by blood
Bone as Composite - Collagen
- Flexible and stops bone from being brittle
- Holds bone together
- has sacrificial bonds that break under stress - absorbs the shock
Bone as Composite - Hydroxyapatite
Supports weight without sagging
Fibrous Joints: Sutures
- Immovable (or slightly mobile)
- Only found in bones of the skull and nowhere else
- 3 types (serrate sutures, lab sutures, plane sutures)
Fibrous Joints: Sutural Ligament
Small ligaments that join the sutures of the skull together
Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Serrate sutures
- Wavy lines that interlocks
- Coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Lap Sutures
- Where the two bones have straight and non overlapping edges
- Temporal/sphenoid/parietal – squamosal structure
Fibrous Joints: Sutures – Plane Sutures
- Straight non overlapping edges
- Roof of the mouth has a plane suture
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
Tooth to Socket
- Tooth is joined by its socket by a gomphosis joint
Periodontal Ligament
- Ligament that joins the tooth to the socket
Slight Give
- If you get food in your teeth, there is a slight give so you feel the slight give so you feel the give and can take food out
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
- Connection of two bones that are bound by long and collagenous fibers
- High level of mobility - allows pronation and supination
Interosseous Ligaments
- Join the radius and ulna at distal end – Join syndesmosis joints
Tibia and Fibula
- Shorter interosseous ligaments at base of leg, near foot – allow rotation but it is limited
Cartilagenous Joints: Synchondroses
- Linked by hyaline cartilage (Temporary joints which become boney joints with age) -> Two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
- Immobile
- Epiphyseal plate makes a cartilaginous joint before it closes (children)
- First Rib and Sternum (X)
Cartilagenous Joints: Symphyses
- Linked by fibrocartilage – lots of collagen (Thick, cushiony, fibrocartilage pad)
- Pubic Symphysis (Joint in front of pelvis that stretches for childbirth)
- Joints Between Vertebrae (Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage)
- Joints with cushions
- Slights mobile
Synovial Joints
- Freely movable
- 2 bones close together, each with articular cartilage at end
- Joined by a joint capsule with fluid in it
- Each bone entering the joint is covered with articular cartilage – protective layer
- Space between bones (joint cavity), filled with slippery synovial fluid
- joint capsule - 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue that protect the joint and make synovial fluid
Parts of the Joint Capsule
Outer Fibrous Capsule
- Made of dense connective tissue – continuous with the periosteum of the bone
- Makes a continuous surface between the bones
Inner Synovial Membrane
- Made of fibroblast fine cells – secrete synovial fluid into joint cavity
- Contains macrophages that clear debris
Menisci
Pads of fibrocartilage within the joint capsule cushion space between bones
Bursae
- Sacs surrounded by synovial membrane
- Make synovial fluid
- Cushion joint from the outside
Bursae
- Sacs surrounded by synovial membrane
- Make synovial fluid
- Cushion joint from the outside
Tendons
- Connect muscle to bone
- Allow movement of bones
Tendons
- Connect muscle to bone
- Allow movement of bones
Ligaments
- Connect bone to bone
- Hold bones and joints together
Classes of Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket
Condylar
Saddle
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket
- Mainly hips and shoulder joint
- One surface has a ball like, smooth hemisphere of a head and the other has a socket
- Most freely mobile
Synovial Joints: Condylar
- Oval convex surface on slight depression
- Carpals and radius
- Metacarpals and phalanges
- movement in 2 direction
Synovial Joints: Saddle
- Where both bones look like a saddle (has a saddle surface)
- Movement In two planes
- Sternum and clavicle
- Trapezoid and metacarpal (thumb)
Synovial Joints: Plane
- Bone surfaces flat
- Slide but not bend
- Vertebrae, carpals and tarsals with each other
Synovial Joints: Hinge
- Like a door hinge
- Between humerus and ulna
- Joints between phalanges
Shoulder Joint - Bones
Scapula and humerus
Shoulder Joint - Glenoid Labrum
- Pad of fibrocartilage in the socket of the scapula
- Pads the shoulder, joint, and deepens the socket
Shoulder Joint - Features
- Ball (head of humerus) and socket (socket of scapula).
- Most movable joint
- Many ligaments, tendons and bursae
- Very loose joint, dislocated easily
Elbow Joint - Bones
- Head of the radius
- Condyles of the humerus
- Trochlea notch of ulna
Elbow Joint - Humeroulnar Joint
- Makes a hinge joint between the humerus and ulna
- Movement in 1 place
Elbow Joint - Humeroradial Joint
- Capitulum of the humerus, head of radius
- Gliding slightly condylar joint
- Humerus and radius slide post each other
Elbow Joint - Proximal Radioulnar Joint
- Head of radius, radial notch of ulna
- Tied together
- Tied together by annular ligament
- Pivot joint – allows pronation and supination of hand
Hip Joint - bones
Head of femur and acetabulum of the pelvis
Hip Joint - Acetabular Labrum
- Deepens and pads the shoulder joint (acetabulum)
- Fibrocartilage pad in acetabulum
Hip Joint - Features
Several ligaments and bursae
Knee Joint - Tibiofemoral Joint
- Largest and most complex joint in the body
- Primarily hinge, has more motion (rotation)
- Condyles of femur
- Condyles of tibia
- Fibula does not enter
Knee Joint - Ligaments
Many ligaments
Knee Joint - Menisci
- 2 menisci – lateral and medial meniscus between condyles
- pad the knee
4 main ligaments of the knee
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL – FCL)
- Medial collateral ligament (MCL – TCL)
- Ligaments inside the knee form anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PCL posterior cruciate ligament
Knee Joint - Patellar Ligament
- Connects quadriceps to the tibia
- Contains patella – helps orient the joint
Ankle Joint - Talocrural Joint
Between talus (tarsal) and tibia and fibula
Ankle Joint - Tendons and Ligaments
Many tendons and ligaments
Ankle Joint - Sprains
Tear in ligaments
Compact Bone Structure - osteon
ring shaped structure that is around a central canal
Compact Bone Structure - central canal
- hole in the center of osteon
- carries blood vessels and nerves thru the osteon
Compact Bone Structure - lamellae
concentric rings around central canal within the osteon
Compact Bone Structure - canaliculi
channels that connect lacunae
Compact Bone Structure - perforating canals
horizontal canals that connect central canal to each other
Compact Bone Structure - nutrient foramina
holes on surface of the bone that allow blood vessels and nerves
Nutrient passage in bone - Ostocytes
cells with many extensions
Nutrient passage in bone - canaliculi
- channels that connect osteocytes
- osteocytes touch in the canaliculi
Nutrient passage in bone - gap junctions
osteocytes are connected by gap junctions where they touch - make a pore where cytoplasm of cells can cross
Spongy bone Structure (8)
Spicules - spikes in bones
Trabecular - longer stretches of spongy bone - forming along lines of stress
endosteum - inside of spongy bine is lined with endosteum (membrane)
bone marrow - fills open spaces with spongy bone
no osteons - osteocytes not organized in tree trunk structures
no central canal - nourishes by membranes around them
lamellae - sometimes osteocytes will form rings
osteocytes - sit in lacunae, connected by gap junctions
Spongy bone Structure (8)
Spicules - spikes in bones
Trabecular - longer stretches of spongy bone - forming along lines of stress
endosteum - inside of spongy bine is lined with endosteum (membrane)
bone marrow - fills open spaces with spongy bone
no osteons - osteocytes not organized in tree trunk structures
no central canal - nourishes by membranes around them
lamellae - sometimes osteocytes will form rings
osteocytes - sit in lacunae, connected by gap junctions
bone marrow - location
in the space of spongy bone + medullary cavity of long bone
red marrow
makes blood cells
yellow marrow
stores fat
bone marrow in children
all spaces in spongy bine and medullary cavities filled with red marrow
bone marrow in adults
- bones in trunk and proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus have red marrow
- remainder filled with yellow marrow
Bone development
