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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

To master chapters 1 and 2 from the first week of lectures

1
Q

What is Anatomy

A

Anatomy is the study of structures in the human body, it describes the human body what parts it has, and where those parts are located

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of Anatomy

A

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, and Developmental Anatomy

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3
Q

What is Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

A

This is the study of the structures of the body that we can see with our own eyes that are visible without magnification (Macro - large)

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4
Q

What are the types of Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy, and what are they used for

A

Regional Anatomy (Where things are on the body regionally), and Systemic Anatomy (Body systems)

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5
Q

What is Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of Anatomy using a microscope

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6
Q

What are the types of Microscopic Anatomy, and what are they used for

A

Cytology (used to see the cells, how they are born, and how they die), and histology (used to see the different tissues)

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7
Q

What is Developmental Anatomy

A

The study of the human body as it goes through its life cycle and grows and develops

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8
Q

what is one type of developmental anatomy, and what is it used for

A

embryology (the study of the embryo only)

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9
Q

What is Physiology

A

The study of function at many levels, how the structures work together to preform a certain function of the body, this centers around the body tendency towards homeostasis

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10
Q

How are the divisions of Physiology separated

A

They are separated by organ system

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11
Q

What is the principle of complimentary

A

The principle of complementary is the idea that Anatomy and Physiology is inseparable, and that the function (Physiology), always reflects structure (Anatomy), and that what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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12
Q

What is the correct level of organization from smallest to largest

A

starting from smallest, Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Organ systems, and Organismal the largest

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13
Q

chemical

A

atoms and molecules

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14
Q

cellular

A

cells and their organelles

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15
Q

tissues

A

groups of smaller cells

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16
Q

Organs

A

contain two or more types of tissues

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17
Q

Organ systems

A

are organs that work closely together

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18
Q

Organismal

A

all organ systems

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19
Q

What does the integumentary system do

A

it encloses all internal body structures, and it is the cite of many sensory receptors

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20
Q

what are major organs in the integumentary system

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails

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21
Q

What does the skeletal system do

A

it supports the body, and enables movement with the muscular system

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22
Q

What are major organs in the skeletal system

A

cartilage, joints, and bones

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23
Q

what does the muscular system do

A

it enables movement with the skeletal system and helps the body maintain temperature (when we use our muscles we increase our body temp)

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24
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

it detects and processes sensory information, and activates body responses

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25
Q

What major organs are in the muscular system

A

skeletal muscles and tendons

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26
Q

What major organs are in the nervous system

A

the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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27
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

secretes hormones, and regulates bodily processes

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28
Q

what major organs make up the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes, and ovaries

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29
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do

A

delivers oxygen and nutrient to tissue, and equalizes temperature in the body

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30
Q

what major organs are in the cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries

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31
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

returns fluid to the body (the fluid is called lymph), and defends against pathogens

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32
Q

what major organs make up the lymphatic system

A

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic vessels

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33
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

removes carbon dioxide from the body, and delivers oxygen to the body

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34
Q

what major organs make up the respiratory system

A

the nasal passage, trachea, and lungs

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35
Q

what does the digestive system do

A

processes food for use in the body, and removes waste from undigested food

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36
Q

what major organs make up the digestive system

A

the stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, and small intestine

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37
Q

what does the urinary system do

A

controls water balance in the body, and removes waste from the body and excretes them

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38
Q

what major organs make up the urinary system

A

the urinary bladder, kidney, urethra, and ureters

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39
Q

what does the reproductive system do in males

A

produces sex hormones and gametes, and delivers gametes to females

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40
Q

what major organs make up the male reproductive system

A

epididymus, testes, and glands

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41
Q

what does the reproductive system do in females

A

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo / fetus until birth, and produces milk for the infant

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42
Q

what major organs make up the female reproductive system

A

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, and uterine tubes

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43
Q

anterior / posterior (frontal and dorsal)

A

front and back

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44
Q

lateral

A

top and bottom

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45
Q

medial

A

down the middle (left and right)

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46
Q

superior (cranial)

A

above or top

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47
Q

proximal

A

position on a limb closer to the trunk of the body

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48
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below or bottom

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49
Q

distal

A

position on a limb further from the trunk of the body

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50
Q

what are the 5 nesicary life functions

A

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, growth, and reproduction

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51
Q

what does organization do for life functions

A

maintains the boundaries between internal and external environments

52
Q

what is an example of organization

A

plasma membranes and skin

53
Q

what does metabolism do for life functions

A

in charge of all chemical reactions that happen in body cells

54
Q

what is an example of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

55
Q

what does responsiveness do for life functions

A

it is the ability to sense and respond to stimuli

56
Q

what is an example of responsiveness

A

withdraw reflex (fight or flight), and control over the breath rate, and body temp

57
Q

what does movement do for life functions

A

it is the movement of all body parts and substances in the body

58
Q

what is an example of movement

A

cardiac and smooth muscles

59
Q

what does development, growth, and reproduction do for life functions

A

the differentiation of cells, increase in size of a body part or organism, cellular division for growth or repair, and the production of offspring

60
Q

what is an example of development, growth, and reproduction

A

goring up, fetuses growing through pregnancy

61
Q

what is homeostasis

A

homeostasis is the matienence of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

62
Q

what are the components of homeostasis

A

having a set point that is normal for the fluctuation to be around, a normal range that is optimally stable, and a negative feed back loop that brings the body back to homeostasis

63
Q

what is negative feedback

A

this is a control mechanism that reverses deviation from the set point that helps the body contain a normal range

64
Q

what is positive feedback

A

the response that enhances the original stimulus

65
Q

how is blood calcium regulated

A

this is regulated by parathyroid hormone, and the dihydroxyvitimin D-3

66
Q

what is prone

A

facing downward

67
Q

what is supine

A

facing upward

68
Q

what are the survival needs

A

Oxygen, Nutrience, Narrow range of temperature, and a Narrow range of atmosphere pressure

69
Q

what is homeostatic imbalance

A

this is a disturbance in homeostasis, that can increase the risk of disease, contribute to changes associated with aging, and allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to occur

70
Q

what is an example of homeostatic imbalance

A

heart failure

71
Q

oculus or orbital

A

eye

72
Q

facies or facial

A

face

73
Q

axilla or auxiliary

A

armpit

74
Q

crevices or cervical

A

neck

75
Q

thoracis, thoracic, or thorax

A

chest

76
Q

pelvis

A

pelvic

77
Q

abdomen

A

abdominal

78
Q

inguen or groin

A

inguinal

79
Q

dorsum

A

dorsal or back

80
Q

lambs or loin

A

lumbar

81
Q

what are the membranes of the anterior body cavity

A

serous, pleural, pericardium, and periotenium

82
Q

what two membranes make up the serous membrane

A

parental (internal lining), and viceral (outer lining)

83
Q

what does the pleura do

A

a serous membrane the surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity

84
Q

what does the pericardium do

A

a serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity

85
Q

what does the peritoneum do

A

a serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

86
Q

what are all the body cavities

A

the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

87
Q

what makes up the dorsal cavity

A

the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

88
Q

what is In the cranial cavity

A

the brain, menengies, and the cerebrospinal fluid

89
Q

what is in the vertebral cavity

A

the spinal cord and the spine nerve roots

90
Q

what makes up the ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

91
Q

what makes up the thoracic cavity

A

two pleural cavities (each houses a lung), mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity that surrounds internal organs), and the pericardial cavity (encloses the heart)

92
Q

what makes up the abdominopelvic cavity

A

the abdominal cavity (contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver), and the pelvic cavity (contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

93
Q

what are atoms

A

the smallest unit of matter that makes unique building blocks for each element

94
Q

what are three types of chemical bonds

A

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds

95
Q

what are synthesis reactions

A

a combination reaction that preforms anabolism in the body to take two or more simple elements and combines them to make a complex one

96
Q

what are decomposition reactions

A

a reaction that works with catabolism to take a complex substance and break it down into two simple parts

97
Q

what is aerobic respiration and formula

A

this is a chemical process when oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H20

98
Q

what are the four most abundant elements found in the human body

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

99
Q

what are enzymes and their function

A

these are proteins that act upon substrate molecules and decrease the activation energy nessicary for a chemical reaction to occur by stabilizing the transition site

100
Q

how do enzymes differ from catalysts

A

enzymes are organic, catalysts are inorganic

101
Q

what does the rate of chemical reactions depend on

A

the temperature, concentration of reactants, the size of the particle, and weather a catalyst is present

102
Q

what is the function of water in the human body

A

it is a lubricant and a cushion, it acts as a heat sink, and it is a component of liquid mixtures

103
Q

what is pH and how is it measured

A

the acidity of a solution ranging from 0 - 14

104
Q

what is a buffer

A

a mixture of compounds that resist change in pH

105
Q

what is an organic compound

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon except CO2, and CO, many are polymers

106
Q

what is an inorganic compound

A

a component that does not contain carbon to hydrogen bond

107
Q

what is a monomer

A

a small molecule

108
Q

what is a polymer

A

chains of monomers

109
Q

what is a carb

A

sugars and starches

110
Q

what is the function of a carb

A

an energy source in the body

111
Q

what are three classes of carbs

A

mono, die, and polysaccharides

112
Q

what is a lipid

A

compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents

113
Q

what is a lipid monomer

A

glycerol and fatty acids

114
Q

what does a lipid do

A

helps with moving and storing energy, and absorbing vitamins and making hormones

115
Q

what are the main types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids

116
Q

what is a protein

A

polymer made up of amino acids

117
Q

what are the five functions of protein

A

support structure, catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cell death

118
Q

what are the four levels of structure of proteins

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

119
Q

what are amino acids

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

120
Q

what is denatruization

A

unfolding or breaking up of a protein

121
Q

what is an example of denaturizaiton

A

cooking an egg

122
Q

what is DNA

A

a molecule that contains a genetic code unique to everyone

123
Q

what is the function of DNA

A

to store all genetic information

124
Q

what is the function of RNA

A

to read the order of amino acids and link them together

125
Q

what is ATP

A

a source of energy for use and storage on a cellular level

126
Q

what is the function of ATP

A

to capture chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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