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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lab Exam 2: List of Structures Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2: List of Structures Study Guide Flashcards

To learn the structures of the cells and the types of tissues in the body

1
Q

what is an epithelial tissue

A

the epithelial tissue forms boundaries between different environments, proteins, secretes, absorbs and filters

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2
Q

if the tissue has more than one layer it is

A

stratified

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3
Q

If the tissue has only one layer it is

A

simple

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4
Q

If the cell is flat and parallel to the basal layer it is

A

squamous

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5
Q

if the cell has a round nucleus on the basal layer it is

A

cuboidal

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6
Q

if the cell is tall with a tall nuclei it is

A

columnar

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7
Q

where can you see epithelial tissues

A

the skin, lining of the small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, and stomach

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial cells

A

sells have polarity, apical (upper, free), and basal (lower, attached) surfaces.
they are all composed of closely packed cells
they are supported by connective tissue reticular terminal (under the basal lamina)
No blood vessels but there are nerves and nerve endings
they have a high rate of regeneration

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9
Q

what is the function of a simple Squamous ET

A

allows materials to pass through them by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances because they are so thin

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10
Q

what is the location of a simple squamous ET

A

the sir sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what is histology

A

the microscopic study if tissues

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12
Q

what does a simple squamous ET look like

A

thin layers of cells that look like string, it is one parallel line of cells to the basal layer and they have many spaces between the different lines called alveoli space between them.

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13
Q

what is simple cuboidal ET

A

this is a round nucleus in one line of cells parallel to the basal layer

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14
Q

where is the sample cuboidal ET located

A

in ducts, and secretory portions of small glands in kidney tubules

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15
Q

what are the functions of the cuboidal ET

A

to secrete and absorb

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16
Q

what is a simple columnar ET (ciliated)

A

this has one layer of tall cells on the basal layer (some have cilia on top which helps to move substances through the body across the cells)

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17
Q

where is the simple columnar ET located

A

ciliated tissues in the bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) in the digestive tract and bladder

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18
Q

what is the function of the simple columnar ET

A

to absorb; it also secretes mucus and enzymes

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19
Q

what does stratified mean

A

more than one layer of cells above the basal layer

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20
Q

what does simple mean

A

only one layer of cells above the basal layer

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21
Q

what is the pseudostratified columnar ET look like

A

it looks like there are many layers because the nucleus are in different levels with cilia on top

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22
Q

what does the simple cuboidal ET look like

A

they are circular and they surround the lumen, with circular nuclei

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23
Q

what does the simple columnar ET look like

A

tall and have tall nuclei, some have cilia on the top that can help them move pathogens and other things out of the body that are unwanted

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24
Q

what is the function of the psuedostratified ET

A

to secrete mucous; ciliated tissue moves mucus and helps foreign objects move out of the body

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25
Q

where is the pseudostratified ET

A

located in ciliated tide that lines the trachea, and much of the upper respretyoy tract

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26
Q

what is a stratified squamous ET

A

It is multiple layers of simple squamous ET cells on the basal layer, and it is important to only look at the top layer to tell this. They are very thick, this is so that they can protect against abrasion

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27
Q

what does a stratified squamous ET look like

A

it is thick layers of cells that have oval nuclei, the top layer may be covered with dead cells filled with keratin

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28
Q

where are stratified squamous ET located

A

lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

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29
Q

what is the function of stratified Squamous ET

A

to protect against abrasion

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30
Q

what is it called when the top layer of a cell has dead cells filled with keratin on it

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (this is the thin top layer of human skin)

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31
Q

what body cavity linings don’t have the keratinizes stratified squamous epithelium

A

the lining of the mouth, vagina, eyes, and rectum

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32
Q

what two ET are quite rare in the body

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium, and the stratified columnar epithelium

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33
Q

what is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

to function as a protective tissue

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34
Q

where is the stratified cuboidal epithelium located

A

sweat glands, salivary glands, and mammary glands

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35
Q

what is the function of the stratifies columnar epithelium

A

secrete and protect

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36
Q

where is the stratified columnar epithelium located

A

male urethura, and the ducts of some glands

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37
Q

what is the transitional epithelium

A

it has no uniform shape, no cilia, and it has many layers of cells of all shapes and sizes

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37
Q

what does the transitional epithelium look like

A

a jumble of cells on the outside of the cell

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38
Q

what is the location of the transitional epithelium

A

lines the bladder, urethura, and ureters

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39
Q

what is the function of the transitional epithelium

A

allows stretchy organs to expand and stretch

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40
Q

what is a connective tissue

A

it is the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue in the body

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41
Q

what are the major functions of connective tissues

A

building and support, protection, insulation, and transportation (blood)

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42
Q

what are the connective tissue cell types

A

mitotically active and secretory cells that end in “blasts”, and mature cells that end in “cytes”

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43
Q

what are the classes of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

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44
Q

what are the types of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue

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45
Q

what are the types of supportive connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

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46
Q

what are the types of the fluid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph

47
Q

what are the types of the loose connective tissue, under connective tissue proper

A

Areolar, Adipose, and Reticular

48
Q

what are the types of dense connective tissue under connective tissue proper

A

regular elastic and irregular elastic

49
Q

all connective tissue proper cells are

A

separated by a nonliving extra cellular matrix made of ground substance and fibers

50
Q

what are the three types of fibers

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

51
Q

what does the collagen fiber do

A

this is the strongest and most abundant fiber in the body, it is thick and long, and vert strong, and it provides high tensile strength

52
Q

what does the elastin fiber do

A

this is made up of long and thin elastin fibers as well as neutrons of long thin elastin fibers that allow for stretch

53
Q

what does the reticular fiber do

A

this is the weakest type of fiber, it is short and fine, and highly branched collagenous fibers

54
Q

what does the areolar connective tissue look like

A

this is a long and wide

55
Q

what is the areolar connective tissue

A

it is a Gell - like matrix with all three fiber types and containing fibroblast, mirophanges, mast, and some white blood cells

56
Q

what is the function of the areolar connective tissue

A

it wraps and cushions organs; its microphanges phagocytize bacteria; it plays an important parti in inflammation holds and coveys tissue fluids

57
Q

where is the areolar connective tissue located

A

widely distributing under epithelia of the body, and forms lamina propria of the mucus membrane, and packages organs, and surrounds capillaries

58
Q

what is the reticular connective tissue

A

this is one type of cells, and one type of tissues. it is a network of reticular fibers and reticular cells that lie on the network

59
Q

what is the function of the rectilcuar connective tissue

A

fibers from soft internal skeleton (the storm) that supports the other cell types including mast cells, white blood cells, and macrophages. it also helps soft organs keep their soft structure

60
Q

where are reticular connective tissues located

A

un the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen (the lymphoid organs)

61
Q

what is adipose connective tissue

A

this is closely packed adipocytes (or fat cells), and they have a nucleus that is pushed to the side by a large fat droplet. they look empty because they store things

62
Q

what is the function of adipose connective tissue

A

to provide a reserve of food fuel, it insulates against heat loss, and it supports and protects organs

63
Q

what is the location of adipose connective tissue

A

it is under the skin in the hypodermics, around the kidneys, and eyeballs, within the abdomen, and in breasts

64
Q

what is Dense regular connective tissue

A

it primarily is parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, and the major cell type is in the fibroblast

65
Q

what is the function of the dense regular connective tissue

A

it attaches muscle to the bone or to miscues, bones to bones

66
Q

what is the location of the dense regular connective tissues

A

tendons (muscles to bones) and ligaments (bone to bone)

67
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissues

A

irregularly arranges collagen fibers, the major cell type is fibroblast

68
Q

what is the main function of the irregular connective tissue

A

to be able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, and provide structural strength

69
Q

what is the location of irregular connective tissues

A

fibrous capsules of organs and joints, the dermis of the skin, and the sumbocorsa of the digestive tract

70
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

it provides support with some flexibility

71
Q

what structures in the body contain Hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage in the nose, articular cartilage of a joint, costal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage

72
Q

what does hyaline cartilage look like

A

it sits in clusters with no visible fibers

73
Q

what Is elastic cartilage

A

it provides firm but elastic support

74
Q

what structures in the body have elastic cartilage

A

the epiglottis, and the cartilage in the ear

75
Q

what does elastic cartilage look like

A

clusters of cells with visible fibers on them

76
Q

what is bone tissue

A

hard, calcified metric containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes, lie in lucitane and are not vascularized but have blood cells

77
Q

what is the function of bone tissue

A

supports and protects, provides levers for muscles to act on, stores calcium and other minerals and fats, and is the cite of blood cell formation

78
Q

what is the location of bone tissue

A

bones

79
Q

blood

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

80
Q

what is the function of blood

A

the transport of respiratory gasses, nutrience, wastes, and other substances

81
Q

what is the location of blood

A

contained within the blood vessels and the heart

82
Q

what is the difference between connective and epithelial tissues

A

epithelial tissue is composed of epithelial cells and a small amount of cellular work while the connective tissue is composed of different cells and a larger amount of the extracellular matrix

83
Q

what is smooth muscle tissue

A

cells that have a single nucleus and no visible separations

84
Q

what do short muscle tissue cells look like

A

they are short spindled, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber

85
Q

where are smooth muscle tissues located

A

in the walls of major organs

86
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle tissues

A

involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of reparation, moves secretions, regulates flow of the blood in arteries by contracting

87
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

cells that have a prominent striation and nucleoli in their periphery

88
Q

what do skeletal muscles look like

A

they are long cylindrical fibers, striated, and many periphery located nuclei

89
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscles

A

voluntary movement, producing heat, and protecting organs

90
Q

what is the location of skeletal muscles

A

attached to bones and around entrance points to the body like the mouth and the anus

91
Q

what is the cardiac muscle tissue

A

short branched striated with a single cell nuclei

92
Q

what is the function of the cardiac muscle

A

to contract and pump blood

93
Q

what is nervous tissue

A

neurons that are branching cells, and cell processes extend from the cell body

94
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue

A

to transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity

95
Q

what is the location of nervous tissue

A

the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

96
Q

what two types is Extracellular fluid made out of

A
  1. fluid inside of our blood vessels, blood plasma
  2. intersectional fluid, is fluid between the cells
97
Q

what does the plasma membrane do doe the intravascular fluid

A

the cell membrane separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid

98
Q

what does cilia do

A

provides the forces nessicary to transport foreign materials in the respiratory system to the mouth to be swallowed or expelled

99
Q

what does flagea do

A

move bacteria out of the body

100
Q

chromatin

A

mixture of proteins and DNA that form the chromosomes formed in the cells of humans

101
Q

nuclear envalope

A

what encloses the nucleus

102
Q

nucleus

A

where all the genetic information is kept in the cell

103
Q

plasma membrane

A

the outer lining of the cell that is made up of a phospholipid bilayer

104
Q

smooth ER

A

tubules arranged in a looping network synthesizing phospholipids and steroid hormones

105
Q

rough ER

A

manufactures proteins destined for the cell membrane or export from the cell

106
Q

cytosol

A

jelly - like substance inside the cell that provides a medium for the organelles inside the cell

107
Q

lysosome

A

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

108
Q

mitochondrion

A

provide cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

109
Q

microivili

A

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane

110
Q

microfilament

A

two twisted amino acid chains, thinner cytoskeleton filament

111
Q

microtubule

A

composed of tubin, resist cell compression and position organelles

112
Q

peroxisome

A

membranous sacs containing powerful oxidizes and catalyzes to detoxify

113
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

package, and send or modify products from the rough ER

114
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

115
Q

endocytosis

A

the material to be internalized is surrounded by a portion of the plasma membrane which buds off inside the cell forming a vesicle containing the ingested material

116
Q

exocytosis

A

the process by which the contence of a vacuole from the inside of the cell is released outside the cell

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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