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Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 > Lecture Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A 
to protect, cover and line
filters biochemical substances
absorbs nutrients
provides sensory input
manufactures secretions
manufactures excretions
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2
Q

What are gap junctions

A

they are formed by connexons that extend from one cell’s cytoplasm to another.

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3
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue

A

long bundled cells
multiple nuclei
striated
voluntary

responsible for voluntary movement of the body. Attached to the bone

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4
Q

Define species

A

there are approximately 6 species in genus felis. This is the most specific unit of classification.

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5
Q

Describe regeneration stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

begins during organization.
new layer of skin forms over granulation tissue
fibrous scar tissue replaces lost tissue, closes wound, does not function like previous tissue.

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6
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Cells that did not possess a nucelus.

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7
Q

What are the different types of cartilage connective tissue

A

Hyaline cartilage - structural rigidity and flexibility, cushions joints. Most abundant type in the body.(articulation surfaces, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, larynx)
Elastic cartilage - support increased flexibility (external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage - withstands compressive force. (pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, disks in knee joints)

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8
Q

What are the different types of epithelial tissue

A 
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
psuedostratified columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional
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9
Q

Where do you find psuedostratified columnar tissue

A

respiratory tract

male reproductive tract

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10
Q

Describe organization stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

begins soon after injury and occurrence

granulation tissue forms underneath clot

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11
Q

Describe wound management stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

first intention - no granulation tissue or scarring. easily closed with sutures or staples
second intention - closed by granulation tissue and scar tissue
third intention - closed like second intention but larger.

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of a cell

A

cell membrane aka plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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13
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

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14
Q

Define Genus

A

there are 18 genera in family felidae. all the organisms within their genus may look very similar to each other.
(felis - small cats leopardus - spotted cats)

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15
Q

What are the different types of cellular attachments in epithelial tissues

A

tight junctions
desmosome
gap junctions

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16
Q

What are the two body cavities

A

Dorsal body cavity- contains brain and spinal cord

Ventral body cavity- contains thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity seperated by the diaphram.

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17
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue

A

to conduct electrical signals, store information
evaluate data
transmit sensory information

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18
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue

A

Ground substance
extracellular fibers
cells

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19
Q

What are elastic fibers

A

composed of elastin in a branched network.
lacks tensile strength
microfibril bundles act like rubber bands
found in tissue subject to stretching - vocal cords, lungs, skin.

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of ways endocrine glands secrete

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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21
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do

A

network of tubules and flattened sacs that are in contact with the nuclear envelope. Functions as the circulatory system of the cell. Protein and other substance can move within little canals within the ER to the Golgi Apparatus.

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22
Q

What are the two types of desmosome cellular attachments

A

Tonofilaments aka intermediate filaments extend to the cytoplasm
hemidesmosomes link to the basement membrane

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23
Q

What are the different types of dense connective tissue

A

regular
irregular
elastic

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24
Q

What are the differences between dense connective tissue

A

regular - resists pulling in the direction of fibers (tendons and ligaments)
irregular - resists pulling forces from all directions (dermis of skin, organ capsules, sub mucosa of digestive tract)
elastic - flexibility between body parts (intervertebral spaces, nuchal ligament in horses, walls of arteries stomach, bronchi)

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25
What are exocrine glands
they have ducts that discharge secretions locally - musk, sweat and salivary glands
26
What is diffusion
the process of moving down the concentration gradient. Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process is speeded up by with heat.
27
Define cytosis and what are the two types
Cytosis is another mechanism for bringing nutrients into the cell and ejecting waste. Like active transport, cytosis requires ATP an is therefore considered an active process. Endocytosis - means going into cell Exocytosis - means going out of cell
28
How do endocrine glands that are merocine secrete
via exocytosis and remain intact - sweat and salivary glands
29
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA contains the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins. RNA transcribes genetic code and transports it to the cytosol from the nucleus where it builds protein via translation.
30
What are the types of connective tissue proper
loose and dense
31
What are tight junctions
fusion of adjacent cell's plasma membranes, where leakage must be prevented.
32
Define order
eutheria is broken into orders based on mode of locomotion and method of obtaining food. (carnivora - meat eating)
33
What are collagenous fibers
strong, thick strands composed of collagen. most common organized in bundles wavy when relaxed found in tendons and ligaments, and loose connective tissue around organs
34
What is filtration
the forceful movement of fluid through a membrane. Hydrostatic pressure in animals is blood presure and is generated by the pumping heart.
35
What is osmosis
the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated solution. The movement of water stops when the concentration of solute is equal on both sides of the membrane (state of equilibrium)
36
What are reticular fibers
thin and delicate, composed of collagen. branched into complex networks supports organs, nerves, muscles, and blood vessels
37
What does exocytosis do
cells may export substances from the intracellular environment into extracellular space by exocytosis. Exocytosis of wast products is called excretion, and the exocytosis of manufactured molecules is known as secretion.
38
What is cytoskeleton
flexible three-dimensional frame that provides structure inside the cell. three types of fibers compose the cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate fibers, microfilaments
39
What are the two main types of connective tissue
Proper and specialized
40
Where do you find simple columnar tissue
line the GI tract line excretory ducts respiratory tract
41
What are the functions of connective tissue
``` metabolic and structural connections with other tissues protective sheath around organs body insulation energy reserve frame that supports the body medium for transport of substances healing control of invading microorganisms ```
42
What are the 3 types of extracellular fibers
Collagenous fiber reticular fiber elastic fiber
43
What is blood connective tissue comprised of and what is it's function.
Plasma protein molecules - fibrous component seen when blood clots cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets) Function - transports nutrients, waste products, and gas.
44
What does the Golgi Apparatus
organelle consisting of flattened sacs that are stacked on top of each other. Found close to nucleus and is considered the "processor" protein molecules for export from the cell. Think of this as post office. Packages and sends proteins to different parts of the cell. Creates lysosomes.
45
What are proteasomes
small cylindrical structure composed of protein units that are capable of breaking down old worn out protein. Old protein attaches to new protein and pulls it into the proteasome. Turns into amino acid.
46
What are the two types of nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucelic acid DNA | Ribonucelic acid RNA
47
DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases
``` adenine guanine cytosine thymine A>T G>C ```
48
Where do you find stratified cuboidal tissue
large excretory ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands
49
What is cytosol
colloidal, viscous, semi-transparent liquid of the cell. Rich with enzymes and other proteins.
50
Define class
vertebrates are divided into classes based on their skin covering, how they reproduce, how they maintain their body temperature, and characteristics of their limbs (leg, arm, wing, fin)
51
What are transient cells
pass in and out of connective tissue, involved in tissue repair and protection. leukocytes mast cells macrophages
52
How is taxonomy classified
``` Kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```
53
What are eukaryotes
means true nucleus, developed later and are found in all multicellular organisms today.
54
What are the different types of muscle tissue
Skeletal cardiac smooth
55
What are inclusion bodies
Storage granules that contain water, melanin (amino acids), glycogen (sugar), and can ingest foreign material.
56
Where do you find transitional tissue
kidneys | ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
57
RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases
``` adenine guanine cytosine uracil A>U G>C ```
58
What are peroxisomes
Enzyme containing sacs that contain oxidase enzymes which detoxify free radicals in the cell. Important in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide which is a byproduct of cell metabolism. Seen in large quantities in liver and kidney.
59
Define taxonomy
classification of living creatures
60
What are vaults
transports molecules to and from cell nucleus in a sliding motion. Very small in size and are vast in number.
61
What is cardiac muscle tissue
small branched cells single nuclei striated involuntary responsible for pumping blood through the vascular system. Located in the heart.
62
What is passive membrane process and what are the different types
Does not require ATP Diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration
63
What are the two types of cells that make up connective tissue
Fixed and transient
64
What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found
reticular cells supported by network of reticular fibers. found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
65
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate energy currency of the cell. Breakage of terminal phosphate bonds release stored energy. ADP can be further broken down to adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
66
What are enzymes responsible for
they speed up the metabolic reactions without being used up in the process
67
Where do you find stratified squamous tissue
lining of mouth, vagina, rectum, esophagus | skin
68
Describe the body's response to inflammation
``` redness and heat swelling and pain clot formation WBCs phagocytize debris and pathogens (puss is dead WBCs) symptoms subside ```
69
Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue
bronchioles ovaries secretory portion of glands
70
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
hydrophilic is water loving and hydrophobic is water fearing.
71
What is ground substance
an amorphus homogenous material that ranges from liquid to calcified solid. a. composed of glycosaminoglycans b. allows for exchange of waste and nutrients between cells and bloodstream c. shock absorbing cushion/cell protection d. obstacle for invading microorganisms
72
What is areolar connective tissue and where is it found
loose fibers suspended in gel-like ground substance. All three fiber types, many cells. found under epithelial basement membranes surrounds capillaries and organs between glands, muscles, and nerves.
73
What are desmosome cellular attachments
strong plaque connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells, in ares that undergo tension and stretching.
74
What are endocrine glands
they do not have ducts or tubules, secretions are distrubuted throughout the body, seperate from their parent endothelial sheet.
75
What are mitochondria
small rod shaped bodies located in the cytosol of cell. Contains fluid call the matrix. Inner wall has folds called cristae. Cristae contains enzymes that are used to make energy for the cell. Self-replicating when increased energy demands are present in the cell. "Powerhouse" muscle cells will have more mitochondria then cells in the nervous system
76
What does endocytosis do
Endocytosis enables large particles, liquid substances, and even entire cells to be taken into a cell by engulfing them. If the cell engulfs solid materials, the process is called Phagocytosis which means cell eating. The vesicle formed from phagocytosis is called a phagosome. If the cell engulfs liquid, the proces is called pinocytosis which means cell drinking.
77
Where is nervous tissue located
brain spinal cord nerves throughout the body
78
What is the process of tissue healing and repair
inflammation - the body's attempt to isolate and limit damage to the injured area. organization regeneration wound management
79
Where do you find simple squamous tissue
alveoli of lungs lining of body cavities filtration membranes of kidneys
80
What are the 3 different types of chemical bonds
Covalent bonds - forms when electrons are shared ionic bonds - forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another hydrogen bonds - weak bonds formed by electrostatic attraction between two hydrogen atoms.
81
What are the 4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
82
What is smooth muscle tissue
spindle shaped cells single nuclei non-striated involuntary responsible to move food and fluids, contracts uterus, makes hair stand erect, regulates organ size. Located in the walls of hollow organs - stomach, blood vessels, uterus.
83
What is a goblet cell
the only unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucin (mixes with water for mucus)
84
How do endocrine glands that are apocrine secrete
by filling secretory cell's apex, the top is pinched off, released and regrown - mammary glands
85
What are the 5 kingdoms
Monera - prokaryotic unicellular organisms (bacteria) Protista -eukaryotic unicellular and simple mulitcellular organisms (protozoans, algae) Fungi - spore-forming eukaryotic organism obtain energy from decomposing dead or dying organisms (funguses, molds, mushrooms) Plantae - eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms with rigid cell walls. (mosses, ferns) Animalia - eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms. Do not produce own food. Can move about enviornment at soem stage in life cycle (sponges, worms, insects, fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals)
86
Describe nervous tissue
Neurons connect with other tissues the cell body is the perikaryon the dendrites receive impulses the axon conducts impulses away from the cell Neuroglial cells support neurons. it is the longest cell in the body.
87
How do endocrine glands that are holocrine secrete
store granules to capacity and secrete through cell destruction (lysis) mitosis replaces the cell.
88
What are the different types of specialized connective tissue
cartilage bone blood
89
What is a mammal
``` they produce milk have hair lower jaw is a single bone on either side 3 bones in the mammalian ear have diaphram ```
90
What organelles can be found in the cytoplasm
``` MItochondria - gym - energy robosomes - ppl in community Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - hospital Golgi Apparatus - post office Lysosomes - suicide sacs Proteasomes - recycling day Peroxisomes - detoxify Vaults - bank ```
91
Define family
even more specific, the animals within this share very close similarity between each other. Most will have the same behavior patterns, feeding habits, and general functions. (canidae - dogs, jackals, fox felidae - cats, lion, tigers)
92
What are the 3 parts of cytoplasm
Cytosol cytoskeleton organelles
93
What are some mammal characteristics
only have two sets of teeth warm blooded endothermic heterodontic - teeth are different shapes
94
What are lysosomes
vesicle that pinches off from the golgi apparatus, carrying potent hydrolase (digestive enzyme). Hydrolase digests worn out cell structures and foreign materials that enter the cell through phagocytosis. suicide sac
95
Define Phylum
organisms grouped together based on similarities in basic body plan or organization.
96
What are active membrane processes
requires ATP
97
What is facilitated diffusion
large and non-lipid soluble molecules enter the cell via a carrier protein. The number of carrier proteins limits rates of facilitated diffusion
98
What is adipose connective tissue and where is it found
white - found in deep layers of skin, fills with lipid, resembles chicken wire. brown - found in newborn and hibernating animals, lipid stored in vesicles. little extracellular matrix, nucleus pushed to the side. highly vascularized. Found under skin and around organs
99
What are fixed cells
remain in connective tissue, involved in tissue repair. fibroblast/chondroblast/osteoblast adipocyte reticular cell
100
What is the PH scale
used to measure acidity and alkalinity. 1 is acidic and 14 is basic. distilled water is neutral at pH 7.0 lood has a pH of 7.4
101
What are ribosomes
densely strained very small spherical shaped bodies that are composed of RNA and protein. Site of protein synthesis. May be free floating in cytosol or attached to ER or the nucleus. Free floating robosomes make protein to be used within the cell. Attached ribosomes normally export to other cells.
102
Where do you find stratified columnar tissue
select parts of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems

Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 (6 decks)

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