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Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 > Lecture Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue

A 
to protect, cover and line
filters biochemical substances
absorbs nutrients
provides sensory input
manufactures secretions
manufactures excretions
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2
Q

What are gap junctions

A

they are formed by connexons that extend from one cell’s cytoplasm to another.

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3
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue

A

long bundled cells
multiple nuclei
striated
voluntary

responsible for voluntary movement of the body. Attached to the bone

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4
Q

Define species

A

there are approximately 6 species in genus felis. This is the most specific unit of classification.

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5
Q

Describe regeneration stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

begins during organization.
new layer of skin forms over granulation tissue
fibrous scar tissue replaces lost tissue, closes wound, does not function like previous tissue.

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6
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Cells that did not possess a nucelus.

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7
Q

What are the different types of cartilage connective tissue

A

Hyaline cartilage - structural rigidity and flexibility, cushions joints. Most abundant type in the body.(articulation surfaces, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, larynx)
Elastic cartilage - support increased flexibility (external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis)
Fibrocartilage - withstands compressive force. (pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, disks in knee joints)

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8
Q

What are the different types of epithelial tissue

A 
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
psuedostratified columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional
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9
Q

Where do you find psuedostratified columnar tissue

A

respiratory tract

male reproductive tract

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10
Q

Describe organization stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

begins soon after injury and occurrence

granulation tissue forms underneath clot

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11
Q

Describe wound management stage in the process of tissue healing and repair

A

first intention - no granulation tissue or scarring. easily closed with sutures or staples
second intention - closed by granulation tissue and scar tissue
third intention - closed like second intention but larger.

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of a cell

A

cell membrane aka plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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13
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

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14
Q

Define Genus

A

there are 18 genera in family felidae. all the organisms within their genus may look very similar to each other.
(felis - small cats leopardus - spotted cats)

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15
Q

What are the different types of cellular attachments in epithelial tissues

A

tight junctions
desmosome
gap junctions

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16
Q

What are the two body cavities

A

Dorsal body cavity- contains brain and spinal cord

Ventral body cavity- contains thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity seperated by the diaphram.

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17
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue

A

to conduct electrical signals, store information
evaluate data
transmit sensory information

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18
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue

A

Ground substance
extracellular fibers
cells

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19
Q

What are elastic fibers

A

composed of elastin in a branched network.
lacks tensile strength
microfibril bundles act like rubber bands
found in tissue subject to stretching - vocal cords, lungs, skin.

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of ways endocrine glands secrete

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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21
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do

A

network of tubules and flattened sacs that are in contact with the nuclear envelope. Functions as the circulatory system of the cell. Protein and other substance can move within little canals within the ER to the Golgi Apparatus.

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22
Q

What are the two types of desmosome cellular attachments

A

Tonofilaments aka intermediate filaments extend to the cytoplasm
hemidesmosomes link to the basement membrane

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23
Q

What are the different types of dense connective tissue

A

regular
irregular
elastic

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24
Q

What are the differences between dense connective tissue

A

regular - resists pulling in the direction of fibers (tendons and ligaments)
irregular - resists pulling forces from all directions (dermis of skin, organ capsules, sub mucosa of digestive tract)
elastic - flexibility between body parts (intervertebral spaces, nuchal ligament in horses, walls of arteries stomach, bronchi)

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25
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

they have ducts that discharge secretions locally - musk, sweat and salivary glands

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26
Q

What is diffusion

A

the process of moving down the concentration gradient. Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process is speeded up by with heat.

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27
Q

Define cytosis and what are the two types

A

Cytosis is another mechanism for bringing nutrients into the cell and ejecting waste. Like active transport, cytosis requires ATP an is therefore considered an active process.

Endocytosis - means going into cell
Exocytosis - means going out of cell

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28
Q

How do endocrine glands that are merocine secrete

A

via exocytosis and remain intact - sweat and salivary glands

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29
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA contains the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
RNA transcribes genetic code and transports it to the cytosol from the nucleus where it builds protein via translation.

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30
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense

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31
Q

What are tight junctions

A

fusion of adjacent cell’s plasma membranes, where leakage must be prevented.

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32
Q

Define order

A

eutheria is broken into orders based on mode of locomotion and method of obtaining food. (carnivora - meat eating)

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33
Q

What are collagenous fibers

A

strong, thick strands composed of collagen.
most common
organized in bundles
wavy when relaxed
found in tendons and ligaments, and loose connective tissue around organs

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34
Q

What is filtration

A

the forceful movement of fluid through a membrane. Hydrostatic pressure in animals is blood presure and is generated by the pumping heart.

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35
Q

What is osmosis

A

the passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated solution. The movement of water stops when the concentration of solute is equal on both sides of the membrane (state of equilibrium)

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36
Q

What are reticular fibers

A

thin and delicate, composed of collagen.
branched into complex networks
supports organs, nerves, muscles, and blood vessels

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37
Q

What does exocytosis do

A

cells may export substances from the intracellular environment into extracellular space by exocytosis.
Exocytosis of wast products is called excretion, and the exocytosis of manufactured molecules is known as secretion.

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38
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

flexible three-dimensional frame that provides structure inside the cell.
three types of fibers compose the cytoskeleton:
microtubules, intermediate fibers, microfilaments

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39
Q

What are the two main types of connective tissue

A

Proper and specialized

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40
Q

Where do you find simple columnar tissue

A

line the GI tract
line excretory ducts
respiratory tract

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41
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A 
metabolic and structural connections with other tissues
protective sheath around organs
body insulation
energy reserve
frame that supports the body
medium for transport of substances
healing
control of invading microorganisms
42
Q

What are the 3 types of extracellular fibers

A

Collagenous fiber
reticular fiber
elastic fiber

43
Q

What is blood connective tissue comprised of and what is it’s function.

A

Plasma
protein molecules - fibrous component seen when blood clots
cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)
Function - transports nutrients, waste products, and gas.

44
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus

A

organelle consisting of flattened sacs that are stacked on top of each other. Found close to nucleus and is considered the “processor” protein molecules for export from the cell. Think of this as post office. Packages and sends proteins to different parts of the cell. Creates lysosomes.

45
Q

What are proteasomes

A

small cylindrical structure composed of protein units that are capable of breaking down old worn out protein. Old protein attaches to new protein and pulls it into the proteasome. Turns into amino acid.

46
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucelic acid DNA

Ribonucelic acid RNA

47
Q

DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases

A 
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
A>T  G>C
48
Q

Where do you find stratified cuboidal tissue

A

large excretory ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

49
Q

What is cytosol

A

colloidal, viscous, semi-transparent liquid of the cell. Rich with enzymes and other proteins.

50
Q

Define class

A

vertebrates are divided into classes based on their skin covering, how they reproduce, how they maintain their body temperature, and characteristics of their limbs (leg, arm, wing, fin)

51
Q

What are transient cells

A

pass in and out of connective tissue, involved in tissue repair and protection.
leukocytes
mast cells
macrophages

52
Q

How is taxonomy classified

A 
Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus 
species
53
Q

What are eukaryotes

A

means true nucleus, developed later and are found in all multicellular organisms today.

54
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
cardiac
smooth

55
Q

What are inclusion bodies

A

Storage granules that contain water, melanin (amino acids), glycogen (sugar), and can ingest foreign material.

56
Q

Where do you find transitional tissue

A

kidneys

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

57
Q

RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases

A 
adenine
guanine
cytosine
uracil
A>U  G>C
58
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Enzyme containing sacs that contain oxidase enzymes which detoxify free radicals in the cell. Important in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide which is a byproduct of cell metabolism. Seen in large quantities in liver and kidney.

59
Q

Define taxonomy

A

classification of living creatures

60
Q

What are vaults

A

transports molecules to and from cell nucleus in a sliding motion. Very small in size and are vast in number.

61
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue

A

small branched cells
single nuclei
striated
involuntary

responsible for pumping blood through the vascular system. Located in the heart.

62
Q

What is passive membrane process and what are the different types

A

Does not require ATP

Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
filtration

63
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up connective tissue

A

Fixed and transient

64
Q

What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found

A

reticular cells supported by network of reticular fibers. found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

65
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
energy currency of the cell. Breakage of terminal phosphate bonds release stored energy.
ADP can be further broken down to adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

66
Q

What are enzymes responsible for

A

they speed up the metabolic reactions without being used up in the process

67
Q

Where do you find stratified squamous tissue

A

lining of mouth, vagina, rectum, esophagus

skin

68
Q

Describe the body’s response to inflammation

A 
redness and heat
swelling and pain
clot formation
WBCs phagocytize debris and pathogens (puss is dead WBCs)
symptoms subside
69
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue

A

bronchioles
ovaries
secretory portion of glands

70
Q

What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic is water loving and hydrophobic is water fearing.

71
Q

What is ground substance

A

an amorphus homogenous material that ranges from liquid to calcified solid.

a. composed of glycosaminoglycans
b. allows for exchange of waste and nutrients between cells and bloodstream
c. shock absorbing cushion/cell protection
d. obstacle for invading microorganisms

72
Q

What is areolar connective tissue and where is it found

A

loose fibers suspended in gel-like ground substance. All three fiber types, many cells.
found under epithelial basement membranes
surrounds capillaries and organs
between glands, muscles, and nerves.

73
Q

What are desmosome cellular attachments

A

strong plaque connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells, in ares that undergo tension and stretching.

74
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

they do not have ducts or tubules, secretions are distrubuted throughout the body, seperate from their parent endothelial sheet.

75
Q

What are mitochondria

A

small rod shaped bodies located in the cytosol of cell. Contains fluid call the matrix. Inner wall has folds called cristae. Cristae contains enzymes that are used to make energy for the cell. Self-replicating when increased energy demands are present in the cell. “Powerhouse” muscle cells will have more mitochondria then cells in the nervous system

76
Q

What does endocytosis do

A

Endocytosis enables large particles, liquid substances, and even entire cells to be taken into a cell by engulfing them.

If the cell engulfs solid materials, the process is called Phagocytosis which means cell eating.

The vesicle formed from phagocytosis is called a phagosome.

If the cell engulfs liquid, the proces is called pinocytosis which means cell drinking.

77
Q

Where is nervous tissue located

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves throughout the body

78
Q

What is the process of tissue healing and repair

A

inflammation - the body’s attempt to isolate and limit damage to the injured area.
organization
regeneration
wound management

79
Q

Where do you find simple squamous tissue

A

alveoli of lungs
lining of body cavities
filtration membranes of kidneys

80
Q

What are the 3 different types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent bonds - forms when electrons are shared
ionic bonds - forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
hydrogen bonds - weak bonds formed by electrostatic attraction between two hydrogen atoms.

81
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

82
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue

A

spindle shaped cells
single nuclei
non-striated
involuntary

responsible to move food and fluids, contracts uterus, makes hair stand erect, regulates organ size. Located in the walls of hollow organs - stomach, blood vessels, uterus.

83
Q

What is a goblet cell

A

the only unicellular exocrine gland that secretes mucin (mixes with water for mucus)

84
Q

How do endocrine glands that are apocrine secrete

A

by filling secretory cell’s apex, the top is pinched off, released and regrown - mammary glands

85
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Monera - prokaryotic unicellular organisms (bacteria)
Protista -eukaryotic unicellular and simple mulitcellular organisms (protozoans, algae)
Fungi - spore-forming eukaryotic organism obtain energy from decomposing dead or dying organisms (funguses, molds, mushrooms)
Plantae - eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms with rigid cell walls. (mosses, ferns)
Animalia - eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms. Do not produce own food. Can move about enviornment at soem stage in life cycle (sponges, worms, insects, fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals)

86
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Neurons connect with other tissues
the cell body is the perikaryon
the dendrites receive impulses
the axon conducts impulses away from the cell

Neuroglial cells support neurons.

it is the longest cell in the body.

87
Q

How do endocrine glands that are holocrine secrete

A

store granules to capacity and secrete through cell destruction (lysis) mitosis replaces the cell.

88
Q

What are the different types of specialized connective tissue

A

cartilage
bone
blood

89
Q

What is a mammal

A 
they produce milk
have hair
lower jaw is a single bone on either side
3 bones in the mammalian ear
have diaphram
90
Q

What organelles can be found in the cytoplasm

A 
MItochondria - gym - energy
robosomes - ppl in community
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - hospital
Golgi Apparatus - post office
Lysosomes - suicide sacs 
Proteasomes - recycling day
Peroxisomes - detoxify
Vaults - bank
91
Q

Define family

A

even more specific, the animals within this share very close similarity between each other. Most will have the same behavior patterns, feeding habits, and general functions. (canidae - dogs, jackals, fox felidae - cats, lion, tigers)

92
Q

What are the 3 parts of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
cytoskeleton
organelles

93
Q

What are some mammal characteristics

A

only have two sets of teeth
warm blooded endothermic
heterodontic - teeth are different shapes

94
Q

What are lysosomes

A

vesicle that pinches off from the golgi apparatus, carrying potent hydrolase (digestive enzyme). Hydrolase digests worn out cell structures and foreign materials that enter the cell through phagocytosis. suicide sac

95
Q

Define Phylum

A

organisms grouped together based on similarities in basic body plan or organization.

96
Q

What are active membrane processes

A

requires ATP

97
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

large and non-lipid soluble molecules enter the cell via a carrier protein. The number of carrier proteins limits rates of facilitated diffusion

98
Q

What is adipose connective tissue and where is it found

A

white - found in deep layers of skin, fills with lipid, resembles chicken wire.
brown - found in newborn and hibernating animals, lipid stored in vesicles.
little extracellular matrix, nucleus pushed to the side. highly vascularized.
Found under skin and around organs

99
Q

What are fixed cells

A

remain in connective tissue, involved in tissue repair.
fibroblast/chondroblast/osteoblast
adipocyte
reticular cell

100
Q

What is the PH scale

A

used to measure acidity and alkalinity.
1 is acidic and 14 is basic.
distilled water is neutral at pH 7.0
lood has a pH of 7.4

101
Q

What are ribosomes

A

densely strained very small spherical shaped bodies that are composed of RNA and protein. Site of protein synthesis. May be free floating in cytosol or attached to ER or the nucleus. Free floating robosomes make protein to be used within the cell. Attached ribosomes normally export to other cells.

102
Q

Where do you find stratified columnar tissue

A

select parts of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems

Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 (6 decks)

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