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Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 > Chapter 1 Taxonomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

study of structures able to be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

Embryology

A

study of developmental anatomy covering the period from conception (fertilization of egg) to birth

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3
Q

Histology

A

microscopic anatomy - study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. Microscopic study of tissues.

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4
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

study of structure of various species of animals with particular emphasis on those characteristic that aid in classification.

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5
Q

Anatomy

A

the branch of science dealing with the form and structure of organisms. What they look like and where they are located. Word means “to cut apart”

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6
Q

Physiology

A

the study of integrated functions of the body and the functions of all its parts. How things work and what they do.

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of physiology?

A

Neurophysiology Gastrointestinal physiology Respiratory physiology

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8
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classification of living creatures

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9
Q

What are the classifications of taxonomy?

A

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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10
Q

What is a kingdom?

A

highest category of classification. Divided based on cellular organization and method of nutrition.

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

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12
Q

What is Monera

A

prokaryotic unicelluar organisms eubacteria (true bacteria) archaebateria (bacteria like org live in harsh enviornments) Ex: bacteria, blue-green algae

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13
Q

What is Protista

A

eukaryotic univellular and simple multicellular organisms ex: protozoans, algae

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14
Q

What is Fungi

A

spore-forming eukaryotic organism, obtain energy from decomposing dead or dying organisms and absorbing their nutrients. Ex: fungueses, molds, mushrooms

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15
Q

What is Plantae

A

eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms with rigid cell wall. Produce new cell mater by photosynthesis. Do not have ability to move around except by growing or external forces. Ex: mosses, ferns, woody and non woody flowering plants.

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16
Q

What is Animalia

A

eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms. Do not produce own food. Can move about enviornment at some stage in life cycle. Lack of rigid cell walls. Ex: sponges, worms, insects, fish, birds, amphibians, reptile, mammals

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17
Q

What is Phylum

A

organisms grouped together based on similarities in basic body plan or organization. Ex: anthropods-spiders, insects, crabs etc…

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18
Q

What is Class

A

vertebrates are divided into classes based on their skin covering, how they reproduce, how they maintain body temperature, and characteristics of their limbs (leg, wing, fin)

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19
Q

What is Order

A

eutheria is broken into orders based on mode of locomotion and method of obtaining food. Ex: Carnivores, Rodentia, Artiodactyla (hoofed animals)

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20
Q

What is Family

A

Even more specific, the animals within this share a very close similarity between each other. Most will probably have the same behavior patterns, feeding habits, and general functions. Ex: Canidae - Dogs Felidae - cats Ursidae - bears

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21
Q

What is Genus

A

All the organisms within their genus may look similar to each other. Ex: Felis - small cats Lynx - lynexes Leopardus - spotted cats

22
Q

What is Species

A

this is the most specific unit of classifcation. Ex: felis bieti - chinese desert cat felis catus - domestic cat

23
Q

What is a mammal

A
  1. they produce milk by modified sweat glands 2. have hair 3. lower jaw is a single bone on either side 4. 3 bones in the mammalian ear 5. the main artery leaving the heart curves to the left becoming the aortic arch. 6. have a diaphram
24
Q

pronation

A

act of turning toward a prone position. prone- position in which the dorsal aspect of the body or any extremity is uppermost.

25
Q

Supination

A

Act of turning toward a supine position supine-position in which the ventral aspect of the body or palmer or plantar aspect of an extremity is uppermost.

26
Q

What’s the basic building blocks of life?

A

Cells > Tissue> Organ> System

27
Q

Cells

A

basic functional unit of life

28
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells and the surrounding materials that are speciallized to perform a common function. Ex: connective tissue - cells that specialize in holding structures together

29
Q

Organ

A

tissues associated into functional groups Ex: Stomach (function - digestion)

30
Q

System

A

a group of organs that participate in a common enterprise. Ex: digestive system - stomach, pancreas, and intestines

31
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissue?

A

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

32
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

function is to cover the surface of the body, line body cavaties, and form glands.

33
Q

What are the different types of epithelial tissues?

A

Simple - composed of single layer Stratified - composed of many layers

34
Q

What are the types of simple epithelial tissues?

A

Simple squamous- thin plate like cells. Lining body cavities and blood vessel walls. Simple cuboidal - equal in all dimensions. lines glands and found in kidney. Simple Columnar- elongated and cylindrical. lines digestive tract. Pseudostratified - columnar cells giving appearance of more then one layer. Lines upper respiratory tract.

35
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelial tissues?

A

Stratified squamous- thick touch many layered. Stratified columnar- more then one layer columnar cells. lines part pharynx and salivary ducts. Transitional- stretches, parts of urinary tract - uterus.

36
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Function: connect other tissues, give form and strength to many organs and provide protection and leverage

37
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper a. loose connective tissue b. dense connective tissue 2. Specialized connective tissue. a. cartilage b. bone c. blood
38
Q

What are the different types of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar -loose array of fibers in ground substance. Contains all three fiber types (collagenous, reticular, elastic) and many cells. Found throughout the body, under epithelia basement membranes between glands, muscles, and nerves. 2. Adipose- (fat) Tissue has little extracellular material made primarily of adipocytes filled with lipid. Found throughout body, under skin, around heart and kidneys within mesenteries and omentum and around colon. 3. Reticular - (net-like) Reticular cells found in ground substance with only reticular fibers. Found in spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.
39
Q

What are the different types of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. dense regular - dense parrallel collagen fibers. Relatively avascular and therefore very slow to heal. Found in tendons and ligaments. 2. Dense irregular - sheets of collagen fibers that run in different directions or sheets of parrallel fibers staked in alternating directions. Found in dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa of GI tract. 3. Elastic - elastic fibers stretches. Found in few places between vertebrate walls of arteries, stomach, large airways, bladder and regions of heart.
40
Q

What are the different types of specialized connective issue?

A
  1. Cartalidge - touch specialized connective tissue. a. Hyaline - Collagen fibers are evenly distributed throughout ridged matrix. Contain chondrocytes in spaces called lacunae. Found in articulating surface of bones, costal cartalidge of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx. b.Elastic - elastic fibers suspended in firm matrix. Chondrocytes in lacunae. More flexibility then hyaline. Found in ear, pinna, auditory tubes, and epiglottis. c. Fibrocartilage - similar to hyaline cartalidge but more collagen fibers that are arranged into thicker bundles. matrix is less firm. Found in pubic symphysis, invertebral disk, disks in stifle and knee joint and temporomandibular joint of jaw. 2. Bone - hard matrix (skeleton) a. compact - hard matrix organized into concentric rings that surround a central canal. Osteocytes found in lacunae (chambers) found in skeleton. b. Cancellous - spongy bone. Tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged with lots of space between them. Bone marrow is in spaces. Found in skeleton. 3. Blood - cells in fluid matrix. (plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes) Carry nutrient molecules and gasses throughout body.
41
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

Function: specializes in contracting. 1. Smooth -nonstriated, involuntary. Smalll spindle shaped cells. Single centrally located nucleus. ound in the walls of hollow organs such as esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, blood vessels, and bladder. 2. Skeletal - striated, voluntary. Cells striped long and cylindrical each with multiple eccentrically placed nuclei. Found attached to bone and occasionally skin, eyeballs, and upper part of esophagus. 3. Cardiac - striated, involuntary. Cells cylindrical and branched with single centrally located nucleus. Found only in heart.

42
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Function: Conduct electrical signals, store information and evaluate data; to transmit sensory information to spinal cord and brain.

43
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

contains the spinal cord and brain.

44
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

much larger and contains most of the soft organs. Divided by diaphragm into a. thorax - cranial thoracic cavity. heart, lungs, major blood vessels. b. abdomen (abdominopelvic) - caudal abdominal cavity digestive, urinary, reproductive organs.

45
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleura. Visceral pleura (organs) -lines organs Parietal pleura - lines the thoracic cavity wall.

46
Q

What lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Peritoneum. visceral peritoneum - lines organs parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal wall.

47
Q

Name these types of tissue.

A
48
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Nervous tissue

49
Q

Name these tissues

A
50
Q

Name these muscle tissues

A
51
Q
A

Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 (6 decks)

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