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Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 > Chapter 3 - Lab Anatomy of a Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Lab Anatomy of a Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cells contain 3 parts

A

plasma membrane / cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm

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2
Q

Plasma Membranes

A

encompass the internal structures of the cell. Flexible barrier between intracellular content and extracellular content.

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3
Q

Plasma Membranes are called _________

A

Gate keepers

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4
Q

What are plasma membranes made up of?

A

phospholipids (fat binding particles that form layers)

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5
Q

Plasma membranes are normally bi-layered. This means ____ layers

A

2

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6
Q

These layers contain 2 polar heads that are called _____ meaning _______. And 2 polar tails that are called ______ meaning ______.

A

hydophilic - water loving hydophobic - water fearing

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7
Q

Integeral proteins

A

globular proteins that are embedded in the bi-layers of phospholipid barrier.

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8
Q

Channel Proteins

A

allow substances to pass through pores inside and outside the cell.

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9
Q

Carrier proteins

A

active transport to move substance from one side of the membrane to the other

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10
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Specific receptor sites that bond only to specific molecules

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

the genetic material that is dispersed through the nucleous. It looks like small threadlike structures.

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

The rod like structures when chromatin condeses to prepare to divide cells.

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13
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

the nucelous is surrounded by a porous double layer. It exports RNA or messenger cells.

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

made up of gelatin fluid called cytosol, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles.

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15
Q

Cystoskeletal Elements

A

small elements or fibers that move substances through the cell. These elements make a three dimensional framework consisting of microtubules. (hollow protein tubules), intermediate filaments (twisted protein strands), and microfilaments (contractile threadlike protein).

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16
Q

MIcrotubules act to move other organelles and substances _______ the cell

A

through

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17
Q

Intermediate Filaments _____ pulling forces that may act on the cell

A

resist

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18
Q

Microfilaments are very important in _________ cells

A

muscle

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19
Q

Centrioles

A

Centrioles are self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help in organizing cell division, but aren’t essential to the process.

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20
Q

Organelles

A

organized structures that perform major metabolic function for the cell.

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21
Q

What are the 9 types of organelles?

A
  1. Mitochondria (gym) 2. Ribosomes (ppl in community) 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (hospital) 4. Golgi Apparatus (Post office) 5. Lysosome (Suicide Sack) 6. Proteasomes (recycling) 7. Peroxisomes (detoxify) 8. Vaults (banks) 9. Inclusion bodies (storage facilities)
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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.

think of them as the gym .

23
Q

Ribosome

A

Ppl in the community -

Densely strained very small spherical shaped bodies that are composed of RNA and protein. Site of protein synthesis. May be free floating in the cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum or the nucleous. Free floating ribosomes make protein to be used within the cell. Attached robosomes normally export to other cells.

24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Think hospital.

25
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus is the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.

26
Q

Lysosomes

A

The main function of these microbodies is digestion. Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.

Think suicide sacs

27
Q

Proteasomes

A

small cylindrical structure composed of protein units that are capable of breaking down old worn out protein. Old protein attaches to new protein and pulls it into the proteasome. Turns it into amino acid.

28
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Microbodies are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane. There are several types of microbodies but peroxisomes are the most common.

29
Q

Vaults

A

transports molecules to and from cell nucleus in a sliding motion. Very small in size and are vast in number.

30
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

storage granules that contain water, melanin (amino acid), glycogen (sugar) and can ingest foreign material. “Storage facility”

31
Q

Match the definitions with their right terminology.

A
32
Q

Label the cell.

A
33
Q

Interphase

A

When a cell is not dividing or producing. Carrying out normal activity.

34
Q

Right before the end of interphase, DNA will split into two cells, once this has occurred _________ or division of nucleic activity begins.

A

Mitosis

35
Q

The stages of mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
36
Q

Prophase

A

nuclear membrane and nucleolous break down and disappear. Chromatin that was found in the nucelus coil will shorten and form chromosomes. These will take on an X shape (Centromere). The centrioles from the cytoplasm will pair up and will form spindle fibers. The spindle fibers act as glue or hold the chromosomes. Chromosomes will then split again and form two more.

37
Q

Metaphase

A

short stage that is characterized by the lineup of chromosomes. Centromeres will attach to spindle fibers.

38
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split and spate. Two chromosomes are made. The new chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. At the end of this phase each pole (end) wil have full set of chromosomes.

39
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes uncoil to form long strands and the spindle disappears. Nuclear membrane now forms around each chromosome mass. Nuclear division is complete.

40
Q

Cytokinesis

A

process that begins at the end of telophase. This is hte division of cytoplasm. A cleavage furrow forms at the center of the cell and splits the cytoplasm into 2 sections. Extremely important in growth and periods of healing.

Creates new cells

41
Q

What stage of mitosis is this?

A

Prophase

42
Q

Name this mitosis stage

A

metaphase

43
Q

Name this mitosis stage

A

anaphase

44
Q

Name this mitosis stage

A

telophase

45
Q

Label the diagram

A
46
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell’s hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

47
Q

MIcrotubules

A

These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support.

48
Q

What is this?

A

Cilia

49
Q

These are ______

A

Centrioles

50
Q

What is this?

A

Mitochondria

51
Q

What is this?

A

Ribosome

52
Q

Label the diagram

A
53
Q

Label the diagram

A
54
Q

Label the diagram

A

Anatomy &a Physiology Vet 115 (6 decks)

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