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Clinical biochemistry > Lecture: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system include

A

Endocrine glands and their hormones

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2
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger which targets a specific group of cells, in order to cause that group of cells to do some activity or stop doing an activity

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4
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Glands that release their secretions into ducts or tubes

E.g liver releases bile into the gall bladder
Pancreas releases pancreatic juice into small intestine

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5
Q

Hormones that are proteins

A

Growth hormone

Glycoprotein hormone s(e.g. luteinising hormone)

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6
Q

Hormone that is a polypeptide

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Peptide hormone example

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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8
Q

Hormones that are amino acid derivatives

A

Dopamine, catecholamine, thyroid hormone

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9
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids

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10
Q

Example of sterol hormones

A

Vitamin D

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11
Q

What are binding proteins

A

Proteins that bind to hormones and carry them around the circulation

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12
Q

Binding proteins for T4, T3

A

Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
Thyroxine binding prealbumin (TBPA)
Albumin

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13
Q

Binding proteins for testosterone

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

Albumin

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14
Q

Binding protein for cortisol

A

cortisol binding globulin

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15
Q

Binding protein for GH

A

GH-binding protein

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16
Q

Binding protein for IGF-1

A

IGF-binding protein-3 plus the acid labile subunit (ALS)

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17
Q

Function of hormones

A

Differentiation of reproductive and CNS in foetus
Stimulation of growth and development
Coordination of the male and female reproductive system
Maintenance of internal environment
Adaptation to emergency demands of the body

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18
Q

How are hormones regulated

A

By negative/positive feedback mechanisms

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19
Q

Example of negative feedback mechanism

A

Secretion of insulin which tells cells to take in glucose

Glucose levels drop, secretion of insulin stops

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20
Q

Example of positive feedback mechanisms

A

Release of oxytocin to release milk from baby suckling

21
Q

Name human endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal 
Pancreas
Testes & ovaries
22
Q

Function of parathyroid

A

Control metabolism of calcium

23
Q

What does under secretion of parathyroid hormone result in

A

Never disorders
Brittle bones
Clotting problems

24
Q

What hormones are released from adrenal glands

A

Cortisone and adrenaline

25
Q

Function of cortisone

A

Regulate carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism

26
Q

Function of adrenaline

A

Raise blood sugar levels and increases heartbeat and breathing rates

27
Q

What does under secretion of adrenaline result in

A

Inability to deal with stress

28
Q

What is the pituitary

A

Gland is a round organ located behind the bridge of the nose at the base of the body

29
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

9

30
Q

What regulates pituitary function

A

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic-pituitary-axis

31
Q

What can hyperprolactinaemia cause

A

Infertility

32
Q

What are causes of hyperprolactinaemia

A

Stress
Drugs
Hypothyroidism

33
Q

How to differentiate between prolactinoma and idiopathic hypersection

A

Detailed radiology + dynamic tests of prolactin secretion

[Serum prolactin rises after administration of TRH observed in idiopathic hyperprolactinaemia but not tumour)

34
Q

Name two hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

(synthesised in the hypothalamus)

35
Q

How are anterior pituitary function tests preformed

A

TRH, GnRH and insulin are administered and measured at 0, 30 and 60 m

36
Q

Causes of hypopituitarism

A 
Tumour 
Infarction 
Traume
Congenital malformation 
Infection 
Hypothalamic disorder
37
Q

What is a cause of goiter

A

Iodine deficiency in diet

38
Q

Normal T4 plasma concentration

A

100 nmol/L

39
Q

How is T3 produced

A

Liver and kidneys (peripheral tissues) deiodinate T4 to produce 2/3rds of T3 (Conc of 2 nmol/L)

40
Q

What does the biosynthesising of thyroid hormones involve

A

Trapping of circulating iodide by thyroid gland
incorporation of iodine into tyrosine
Coupling of iodinated tyrosyl residues from the thyronines within the protein backbone of the Tg protein in the follicular lumen. Endocytosis followed by proteolytic cleavage of Tg releases the iodothyronines into circulation

41
Q

T4 can be metabolised to

A

reverse T3 which is biologically inactive

42
Q

What proteins transfer T4 & T3

A

TBG (70%)
Alb (25%)
Transthyretin (5%)

43
Q

When do highest level of TSH occur

A

between 0200 and 0400

(lowest at 1700 to 1800

44
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

Primary hypothyroidism

Idiopathic hypothyroidism, hashimotos thyroiditis, surgical removal of thyroid

45
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Weakness, skin changes (dry), lethargy, slow speach, eyelid edema, cold, decreased sweating, thick tongue, forgetfulness

46
Q

What confirms diagnosis of graves disease

A

Raised T4, suppressed TSH + TSH receptor antibody level

47
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes

A

Graves disease
Toxic multi nodular goitre
Thyroiditis
Excessive T4 & T3 ingestion

48
Q

Hyperthyroidism clinical features

A 
weight loss
sweating 
heat intolerance
fatigue 
angina/heart failure
diarrhoea

Clinical biochemistry (11 decks)

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