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Biology Lecture And Lab > Lecture Chapters 1-6 > Flashcards

Lecture Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

Learn about cells, diffusion and charts

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cell vs. Eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic cells have necleus and bound organells but Prokaryotic cells do not.

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2
Q

Example of Prokaryotic cell

A

E. Coli Bacteria

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3
Q

Two molecule that are the mayor components of plasma.

A

Phopholipids, protein embedded

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4
Q

Name 3 functions of protein found in cell membranes.

A
  1. Enzyme speed up reactions.
  2. Receptors for specific molecules
  3. Transport marerials across the cell
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5
Q

3 components of plant cells not found in animal cells.

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Central vacule
  3. Chloroplast
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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Absorbs sunlight along with water and carbon monoxide gas to produce food for the plant.

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7
Q

Vacuoles

A

Holds material and waste.

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8
Q

Necleus

A

Contain chromatin (genetic material to make an exact copy of that cell. Codes for protein in the cell.

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

RNA is synthesized and stored

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP

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11
Q

Molecules released when ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate) is hydrolized (ATP +H2O)

A

ADP+Pi
(Adenozine di phosphate + inorganic phosphate)
Pi is the phosphate released when ATP is hydrolyzed.

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make protein

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13
Q

Lysosome

A

Breake down cells, recycle cell parts and stores food.

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic recticulm

A

Builds lipids and fats

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Builds molecules like protein and has ribosomes.

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16
Q

Which hypothesis states that certain eukaryotic cells originated as free-living prokaryotic cells?

A

Endosymbiosis hypothesis.

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17
Q

What are three parts of the cell theory

A
  1. All living things come from pre-existing cell divisions.
  2. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
  3. The cell is the smallest unit of life
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18
Q

What is the difference between diffusion osmosis and active transport?

A
  1. Diffusion is the movement of any chemical. from one place to another.
  2. Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water.
  3. Diffusion and osmosis go from high concentration to low concentration while active transport does the opposite.
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19
Q

Which of theses require cell spending energy

Diffusion, osmosis, active transport?

A

Active transport

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20
Q

Which of these can move particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration: diffusion, osmosis, active transport?

A

Active transport

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21
Q

Which is more likely to diffuse through a selectively permeable cell membrane: lipids or protein?

A

Lipids

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22
Q

Name a cell that contains cilia

A

lungs and oviducts

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23
Q

Cilia and flagella contain. pairs of in a ring surrounding to microtubules

A

9, microtubules

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24
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Endocytosis engulfs things into the cell

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25
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Exocytosis pushes things out of the cell

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26
Q

What was the conclusions of the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur prooved that bacteria was fallin in the open beeker but spontanious generation was not occurring.

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27
Q

How is a chemical element different from a chemical compound

A

Chemical elements cannot be broken down any further chemical compounds has two or more different atoms.

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28
Q

Denatured

A

The change of the three dimensional shape of a protein

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29
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

A hypothesis that has been tested many times and has not been proved to be false

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30
Q

3 steps of scientific method

A

Inductive/deductive
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Conclusion

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31
Q

A scientific explanation that is tentative and that requires more investigation is termed as

A

Hypothesis

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32
Q

Attributes of living things

A

Homeostasis
Energy
Response to the environment
Evolves

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33
Q

Correct order of complexity from least to highest

A

Atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organism community and ecosystem

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34
Q

The structure of an atom is mostly

A

Empty space with electrons on the outside and the nucleus in the center

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35
Q

To predict the reaction of an atom first

A

draw the atom with two electrons on its first ring an 8 on the 2nd

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36
Q

An atom will only respond with other atoms until

A

Their outermost shell is filled

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37
Q

An atom becomes an ion when

A

It gains or loses electrons

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38
Q

Hydrogen bonds are very important in the functional shape of

A

Proteins

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39
Q

The symbol 3CO2 represents

A

Three molecules of carbon dioxide, Each of which contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms

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40
Q

In water hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen and

A

An oxygen atom in a different molecule

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41
Q

When an element has two of itself like 2 he or 02

A

It is not a compound

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42
Q

Polar molecules tend to be

A

Attracted to water and dissolved in water

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43
Q

When atoms form bonds they share or exchange

A

Electrons

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44
Q

Chemical bonds can

A
  1. form bonds for stability,
  2. Share electrons unequally which one drawn at more towards itself
  3. Share electrons equally
  4. Give up an electron to another to form bonds
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45
Q

Protein glucose and methane are

A

Compounds

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46
Q

Atoms form bonds

A

Fill their outer shell

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47
Q

Two hydrogen atoms atomic number 1 form a covalent bond. What happens to their electron

A

Both hydrogen atoms will have two electrons in their outer shell at least some of the time

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48
Q

Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell how many covalent bonds is oxygen likely to make with hydrogen atoms Each of which has one electron in its outer shell

A

2

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49
Q

A donation of an electron is also known as a

A

Ionic bond

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50
Q

The evaporation of water from the skin uses a large amount of heat because

A

Water contains lots of hydrogen bonds

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51
Q

What happens when the pH of a solution decreases

A

The acidity becomes higher in the solution and also the concentration of hydrogen atom increases

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52
Q

The pH of water is neither

A

Acidic or basic

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53
Q

An enzyme is

A

A protein a catalyst and a molecule that speeds up reactions without being either a reactant or a product in the reaction only

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54
Q

Hydrolysis could be correctly described as

A

The breaking of a long chain of compound using water to break subunits

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55
Q

Carbohydrates are determined by

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of CnH2nOn

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56
Q

A polysaccharide is made up of

A

Simple sugars

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57
Q

What do polysaccharides nucleic acids and proteins have in common

A

They’re all built of chemically linked monomers

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58
Q

Saturated fats are usually found in

A

Meats

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59
Q

An example of an important organic molecule that may contain nh2 group is

A

An enzyme

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60
Q

Saturated fats are known for causing

A

Cardiovascular disease

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61
Q

How are saturated fats and amino acids are like

A

They both have a carboxyl group in their molecular formula

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62
Q

What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats are single bonds with more hydrogen’s while unsaturated fats are double bonds with less hydrogen’s and oxygens

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63
Q

What are the two main parts of the molecular formula of amino acids

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

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64
Q

What is the identity of C6 h-12 06

A

It’s a glucose and it’s a monosaccharide

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65
Q

What are the monomers of protein

A

Amino acids

66
Q

C12 H24 C12+ H2O is what reaction

A

Dehydration synthesis making a big molecule

67
Q

C6H1206 + C6H1206 is an example of

A

Hydrolysis 2 smaller molecules broken down by water

68
Q

Nucleic acid organic compounds

A

RNA DNA ATP

69
Q

component of a nucleotide

A

A phosphate group
Nitrogen base in the ring
5 carbons

70
Q

What happens when an enzyme is heated too much

A

Denatured hydrogen bonds are broken active shape is changed it will not speed up chemical reactions

71
Q

ADP + p i + energy equals

A

ATP

72
Q

Single cell no nucleus with a nuclear membrane

A

Bacteria and archaea prokaryotic cells

73
Q

Nucleus and nuclear membrane are in

A

Eukaryotic cells

74
Q

a multicellular organism that makes his own sugar is known as a

A

Plant

75
Q

A multicellular organism that digest its food internally would be known as

A

Animal

76
Q

What are the three things that can cause a protein to change shape or be denatured

A

Heat salt pH

77
Q

Example of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

78
Q

What two types of organic compounds have a carboxyl group

A

Proteins and lipids

79
Q

PH is measured in a concentration of

A

Hydrogen atoms

80
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acid

A

Fatty acids

81
Q

Why do unsaturated fats stay liquid at room temperature

A

kinks ofunsaturated fatmolecules keep them liquid atroom temperature

82
Q

Do saturated fats stay liquid at room temperature

A

animalfat(mostlysaturated) is solid atroom temperature

83
Q

A substance that has a molecular structure formed entirely by similar units bonded together

A

A polymer

84
Q

What is the name of the hierarchy of biology classifications

A

Taxonomy ranks

85
Q

Taxonomy ranks from greater to smaller

A 
Domain -eukarya
Kingdom- animalia
Phylum-chordata
Class-mammalia
Order-carnivora
Family-canidae
Genus-vulpes (homo)
Species- sapiens
86
Q

Ancient scientific method

A

Qualitative data threw up servation to form hypotheses and theories

87
Q

Modern scientific method

A

Quantitative data through inductive and deductive reasoning tested with experiments

88
Q

Four characteristics of living things

A 
Growth
Homeostasis
Energy
Reproduction
Responds to the environment
Regulation
Evolution
89
Q

Inductive reasoning example

A

Moves from specific to General

90
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Moves from General to specific

91
Q

Three domains

A

Bacteria archaea Eukarya

92
Q

Four kingdoms of living organisms

A

(Protista ameoba) animal fungi plantae

93
Q

Carbon is valent

A

4

94
Q

Elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

95
Q

Amino acid versus fatty acids

A

Amino acids monomers of protein with a carboxyl group and an amino acid

Fatty acids monomers of lipids with a carboxyl group and double oxygen but no amino acid

96
Q

Chemicals found in nucleic acid

A

Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen and phosphorus

97
Q

Elements of carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

98
Q

Three components of nucleic acid

A

Five carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base

99
Q

Chemical Element

A

A substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons

A substance at its simplest form that cannot be broken down any further

100
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

101
Q

An atom

A

The smallest member of a particular element with neutral charge

102
Q

Ion

A

The iron is missing or has an extra electron which makes a positive or negative charge

103
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Electrons protons and neutrons

104
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Two atoms sharing electrons to fill outer shell part of the time

105
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Electrons are transferred to another atom forming a positive and negative charge bond (It is a donation a transfer of electron)

106
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Form polar molecules
Hydrogen atoms with electronegative atoms form bonds with each other
It is a weaker Bond than covalent bonds and ionic bonds
Ex..2 water molecules

107
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide

108
Q

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

A

A larger cell developed an enzyme that allowed the smaller cell to swallowed a bacteria and used to benefif the cell and not destroy it. Like mitochondria which has a double membrane and its own DNA. Also chloroplast

109
Q

In diffusion which is more likely to pass through a protein or lipid

A

Lipid

110
Q

6CO2+6H2O +sunlight produces C6H126O2 what are the reactants

A

6CO2+6H2O

111
Q

Role of enzymes

A

Enzymes lower the activation energyby binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to speed up thereaction.

112
Q

Producers

A

Extract energy from non-living environment

113
Q

Consumers

A

Obtain energy from eating other organisms

114
Q

Decomposers

A

Obtain energy from dead organism and organic waste

115
Q

Polar covalant bonds

A

Electrons are shared unequally resulting in a molecule with charged poles

116
Q

Monomers plus water form

A

A dimer or a polymer

117
Q

The process of Monomers becoming bigger molecule by adding water it’s called?

A

Dehydration synthesis

118
Q

Another way of saying dehydration synthesis is?

A

Condensation

119
Q

The process of polymer splitting into two monomers by water is called

A

Hydrolysis

120
Q

Unsaturated fats can be found in

A

Plants, steroids

121
Q

What is an organic compounds

A

chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.

122
Q

List the four classes of organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid

123
Q

What are the functions of protein?

A

Structural protein for making skin, cartilage and Bone
enzymes which speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction,
cell recognition,
carrier transport proteins
channel proteins

124
Q

Proteins are held in place by

A

Hydrogen bonds

125
Q

Complete the sentence.

RNA has a blank strand?

A

Single

126
Q

Complete the sentence

DNA forms a blank helix?

A

Double

127
Q

What is cilia and flagella made out of

A

Bothflagellaandciliahave a9+ 2 arrangement ofmicrotubules.

128
Q

Name the organelles of the cell

A

1) nucleolus RNA is synthesized and stored
(2) nucleus contains code for protein and DNA
(3) ribosome makes protein
(4) vesicle short-term storage and transport
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes structures protein
(6) Golgi apparatus finishes the structure of protein
(7) cytoskeleton create 3D shape of the cell to move it and multiply
(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes fats and lipids
(9) mitochondria makes ATP Powerhouse of the cell
(10) vacuole stores water food and waste
(12) lysosome digestive enzymes breaks down recycles and stores
(13) centriole. Cell reproduction and Division

129
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount ofenergy required for a chemical reaction to take place.

130
Q

Potential energyisdefinedas

A

mechanicalenergy, storedenergy, orenergycaused by its position.

131
Q

Kinetic energyisdefinedas

A

energy in motion

132
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be converted

133
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy going from clumped to spread out and burning little by little

134
Q

In the biological community how much of the producers is stored as energy in the first consumers?

A

10% or. Minus a ( 0)

135
Q

Can carnivores energy be recycled?

A

No it becomes low grade heat not useful for significant work

136
Q

When hydrogen ions leak out of a channel protein their kinetic energy makes

A

Protein

137
Q

Stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light creates electrons
  2. electrons split water into h+ electrons & o2
    a. Electrons get trapped in chloroplast when. released they make ATP
    b. Some of the energy from the electrons in stored in NADPH.
  3. ENERGY from ATP & NADPH is used to make glucose forming a cycle.
138
Q

What are the stages of Cellular respiration process?

A
  1. GLYCOLYSIS
    a. Glucose splits in 2 groups of 3 called pyruvates this process takes 2 ATP and gains 2ATP
    b. Each pyruvate loses a carbon and stores kinetic energy in the NADH. Anarobic process (no oxygen)
  2. KREBS CYCLE
    a. CARBONS are rearanged into (2+4)(6-1) (5-1) and stores this kinetic energy in 2ATP, NADH & FDH2. Aerobic process

CHEMIOSMOSIS
a.All the energy or H ions leak out through aprotein channel and make 32 ATP.
b.The H ions join the electrons and oxygen and make water.
This process is called aerobic because it requires oxygen.

139
Q

Anaerobic (Fermentation) waste product for muscle cells vs. Yeast alcoholic fermentation

A

Muscle make lactic acid

Yeast makes CO2

140
Q

What happens in the anaerobic process

A

Pyruvates get broken down for 2ATP

141
Q

What large molecule is broken down in cellular respiration

A

Glucose

142
Q

In cellular respiration glucose is broken down into what two molecules?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

143
Q

In the third stage of photosynthesis carbon fixation is dependent or independent of light

A

Independent

144
Q

in which stage of photosynthesis ATP broken down to form ADP + p i

A

Stage 3

145
Q

In which stage of photosynthesis is water split

A

Stage 2

146
Q

In which stage of photosynthesis is nadph formed from nadp Plus

A

Stage 2

147
Q

in which stage of photosynthesis are hydrogen atoms stored inside the membrane of chloroplast

A

Stage 2

148
Q

The doubt my child write the overall equation for cellular respiration and name each molecule

A

Glucose 6 oxygen 2 equals six carbon dioxide + 6 Waters + energy

149
Q

Three stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis Krebs chemiosmosis

150
Q

What molecules split in stage 1 of cellular respiration

A

Glucose

151
Q

Name the two molecules that store the energy of the peruvians in stage 1

A

ATP nadh

152
Q

What is the gas given out in stage 2 and stage 3

A

Carbon dioxide

153
Q

Does splitting peruvians require energy or release energy

A

Required 2 ATP

154
Q

Two stage 3 hydrogen ions are stored inside

A

Mitochondria membrane

155
Q

Energy is transferred in a molecule called

A

ATP

156
Q

How many ATP is made in glycolysis

A

2

157
Q

How many ATP is made in stage 2 of cellular respiration

A

2

158
Q

How many atp’s are made of stage 3 of cellular respiration

A

32

159
Q

In muscle cells when there’s no Oxygen cellular respiration is carried out and peruvians are converted into

A

Lactic acid

160
Q

When you cells break down glucose that convert peruvians

A

Alcohol

161
Q

When Eustace use to make bread bubbles of gas are released cost in the bread to rise name the gas

A

CO2

Biology Lecture And Lab (5 decks)

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