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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 27 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations

A

biological evolution

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2
Q

changes in the gene pool with regard to particular alleles over some period of time

A

microevolution

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3
Q

relatively large changes in organisms that are sufficient to produce new species and higher taxa

A

macroevolution

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4
Q

The three important influences that helped Darwin develop the Theory of Evolution:

A
  1. Theories of geology that the Earth is very old and slowly changes.
  2. Experimental observations of unique adaptations of closely related species.
  3. Resource limitations of human population size results in differential survival of individuals (Thomas Malthus)
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5
Q

the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection

A

adaptive evolution

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6
Q

Genetic variation at the species level: genetic variation occurs in natural populations but:

A

progeny more closely resemble parents

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7
Q

Natural selection at the species level: most species produce many more offspring than survive and reproduce, which leads to

A

improved adaptations to the environment

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8
Q

suggests that all living species today have evolved from a common ancestor

A

descent with modification

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9
Q

a group of organisms that maintains a distinct set of attributes in nature

A

species

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10
Q

a species is a group of interbreeding individuals that produce viable offspring

A

biological species concept

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11
Q

species are those organisms that occupy a unique ecological niche

A

ecological species concept

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12
Q

different species have different evolutionary lineages

A

evolutionary lineage concept

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13
Q

each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage

A

general lineage concept

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14
Q

the process by which new species develop

A

speciation

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15
Q

a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations

A

anagenesis (phyletic change)

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16
Q

a single species separates into two or more; most common

A

cladogenesis (branching event)

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17
Q

cladogenetic speciation is subdivided into:

A

allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation

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18
Q

enables the evolution of separate species

A

reproductive isolation

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19
Q

occurs with geographic isolation

A

allopatric speciation

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20
Q

allopatric speciation:

A

geographic barriers, Founder effect

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21
Q

small group migrates to a new location, which results in genetic drift

A

Founder effect

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22
Q

random changes in allele frequency

A

genetic drift

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23
Q

occurs with partial geographic seperation

A

parapatric speciation

24
Q

parapatric speciation:

A

hybrid zone

25
Q

occurs in same geographical area

A

sympatric speciation

26
Q

sympatric speciation occurs from:

A

polyploid formation

27
Q

the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or group of species

A

phylogeny

28
Q

a diagram of hypothetical evolutionary relationships:

A

phylogenetic tree

29
Q

based on homologous traits such as morphology, physiology, biochemistry, DNA sequences, and amino acid sequences:

A

phylogenetic tree

30
Q

basal root:

A

ancestral root

31
Q

directed trees with a unique node corresponding to the most recent common ancestor of all the entities within that tree

A

rooted phylogenetic trees

32
Q

a group or taxa that is distantly related to any within the tree

A

outgroup

33
Q

calculate relative rates of evolution on each branch from mutation rates

A

molecular clock hypothesis

34
Q

a tree that shows relationships of the nodes without making any assumptions about ancestry

A

unrooted phylogenetic trees

35
Q

calculates genetic distance from multiple sequence alignments

A

UPGMA method (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean)

36
Q

UPGMA method: Neighbour-joining trees, assumes a:

A

constant molecular clock

37
Q

a statistical method to make a tree that has the least evolutionary change to explain the observed sequence alignments

A

maximum parsimony method

38
Q

The simplest explanation is the correct one:

A

maximum likelihood

39
Q

a statistical method that allows one to incorporate prior information of evolutionary relationships among the taxa

A

Bayesian method

40
Q

Bayesian method tests the probability that a:

A

given output model is correct; better test

41
Q

the gold-standard for broad phylogeny studies (lg sequence space)

A

rRNA

42
Q

prokaryotes, 1542 nt

A

16S rRNA

43
Q

eukaryotes, 1869 nt

A

18S rRNA

44
Q

___ analysed 16S rRNA sequences in 1977 (molecular phylogeny)

A

Carl Woese

45
Q

Carl Woese identified ___ as a separate ‘kingdom’ of organisms

A

Archaea

46
Q

change in DNA, RNA, and/or protein

A

molecular evolution

47
Q

genetic variation due to non-neutral mutations that are acted on by natural selection

A

Darwinian selection (survival of the fittest)

48
Q

genetic variation involves neutral mutations that do not affect phenotype and are not acted on by natural selection

A

Neutral theory of evolution (survival of the luckiest)

49
Q

Neutral mutations can spread through a population by:

A

genetic drift

50
Q

a change in allele frequency due to random sampling

A

genetic drift

51
Q

the measure of evolutionary time by assessing the rate of neutral mutations of DNA

A

molecular clocks

52
Q

The rate that neutral mutations become fixed in a population is proportional to:

A

the rate of mutation per generation

53
Q

Genetic diversity is proportional to:

A

the time from which they last shared a common ancestor

54
Q

Molecular clocks tend to be not accurate over very short or very long:

A

timescales

55
Q

problems associated with mutation saturation differences in mutation rates through time

A

long time frames

56
Q

problems associated with different relative effects of genetic drift vs. natural selection

A

short time frames

57
Q

conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other

A

synteny

Genetics (18 decks)

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