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Genetics > Lecture--Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Lecture--Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mendel’s data implied that genetic factors were:

A
  1. discrete (particulate)
  2. stable
  3. transmissible
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2
Q

Mendel’s data did not provide evidence of their ____.

A

chemical identity

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3
Q

Scientists who claimed that transmission of traits from parents to offspring is due to some chemical substance in living cells:

A

A. Weismann and C. Nageli (1880’s)

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4
Q

Criteria for genetic material:

A
  1. information
  2. transmissible
  3. replication
  4. variation
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5
Q

genetic material must contain the information necessary to make an entire organism:

A

information

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6
Q

genetic material is passed from parent to offspring–must be stable:

A

transmissible

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7
Q

genetic material must be possible to copy accurately:

A

replication

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8
Q

genetic material must be capable of changing:

A

variation

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9
Q

Scientist who studied Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence transmission:

A

Frederick Griffith

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10
Q

Two different strains in S. pneumoniae virulence transmission:

A
  1. rough (R) strain

2. smooth (S) strain

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11
Q

Factors of R strain:

A
  1. no polysaccharide capsule

2. avirulent

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12
Q

Factors of S strain:

A
  1. polysaccharide capsule

2. virulent

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13
Q

Scientist who injected mice, observed survival, and checked blood for bacteria:

A

Frederick Griffith

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14
Q

Frederick Griffith observed:

A

transformation: something from the dead type S bacteria was changing type R bacteria into deadly type S.

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15
Q

The ability to transmit traits from a dead cell to a live cell provided an experimental system to determine whether or not ____ or ____ is the genetic material.

A

DNA; protein

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16
Q

Scientists who fractionated type S bacterial cells into the 4 major classes of macromolecules:

A
  1. O. Avery
  2. C. MacLeod
  3. M. McCarty
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17
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules:

A
  1. lipids
  2. carbohydrates
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA)
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18
Q

Only ____ extracts transformed live R cells.

A

DNA

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19
Q

_____ identified DNA as the transforming agent.

A

Additional controls

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20
Q

Scientists who studied bacteriophage T2, and that it was composed of only DNA and protein.

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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21
Q

Hershey and Chase’s hypothesis:

A

only the genetic material of the phage is injected into the bacterial cell

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22
Q

______ can be used to track genetic material.

A

radioisotopes

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23
Q

Radioisotopes distinguish ____ from _____.

A

DNA; proteins

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24
Q

label that is incorporated into DNA:

A

32P

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25
Q

label that is incorporated into protein

A

35S

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26
Q

Hershey and Chase grew phages in separate bacterial cultures with either 32P or 35S to produce differently _____.

A

labeled phages

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27
Q

Hershey and Chase used labeled phages to infect _____.

A

non-radioactive bacteria

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28
Q

Hershey and Chase sheared remaining protein coats off of cells, then separated by _____, and checked for ______ in supernatant and pellet.

A

centrifugation; radioactivity

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29
Q

According to Hershey and Chase, ____ remained with the cells after blending.

A

DNA (and not protein)

30
Q

large macromolecules with several levels of structural complexity

A

nucleic acids (nuclein + acid)

31
Q

‘building blocks’ that form repeating units

A

nucleotides

32
Q

linked nucleotides that form a polymer

A

strands

33
Q

two strands of DNA that form cross-links

A

double helix

34
Q

folded strands of double helix plus associated proteins

A

higher-order 3-dimensional structures

35
Q

3 components including a phosphate group, a 5C pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotides

36
Q

two components including a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleosides

37
Q

2-deoxyribonucleic acid:

A

DNA

38
Q

ribonucleic acid:

A

RNA

39
Q

formed by covalent bonds between phosphates and sugars:

A

nucleic acid strand

40
Q

A nucleic acid strand has _____.

A

directionality; 5’ to 3’

41
Q

The bonded phosphates and sugars form the ____ of the nucleic acid strand.

A

backbone

42
Q

The _______ project out from the backbone of DNA.

A

N-bases

43
Q

The scientific framework for the discovery of the structure of DNA resulted from research performed by many scientists, including:

A
  1. Linus Pauling

2. Rosalind Franklin

44
Q

scientist that proposed a-helical structure of DNA

A

Linus Pauling

45
Q

scientist who provided data for solving the structure of DNA through x-ray diffraction studies

A

Rosalind Franklin

46
Q

In the X-ray diffraction of DNA, the diffraction pattern was consistent with a _____.

A

helical structure

47
Q

In the x-ray diffraction of DNA, the diameter was too _____ to be a _____.

A

wide; single helix

48
Q

In the x-ray diffraction of DNA, the helix contained about _____ base pairs per turn.

A

10

49
Q

Scientist who analysed the amounts of A, C, G, & T in various organisms:

A

Edwin Chargaff

50
Q

Chargaff’s rule:

A

%A is approximately equal to %T; %C is approximately equal to %G.

51
Q

Scientists who proposed that DNA exists as a double helix of 2 strands.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

52
Q

In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, the _____ is external.

A

deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

53
Q

In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, the two strands are oriented ____.

A

antiparallel

54
Q

In the Watson and Crick theory of DNA, DNA is coiled in a _____.

A

right-hand helix

55
Q

Key features of the DNA structure: the bases in opposite strands hydrogen bond according to the ____ rule.

A

AT/GC

56
Q

Key features of the DNA structure: The 2 strands are ____ with regard to their ____ directionality.

A

antiparallel; 5’ to 3’

57
Q

Key features of the DNA structure: bases are ____.

A

complementary

58
Q

Other features of the DNA structure: ____ improves stability.

A

base-pair stacking

59
Q

Other features of the DNA structure: The helix has two asymmetrical grooves on the outside:

A
  1. the major groove

2. the minor groove

60
Q

Other features of the DNA structure: Certain ____ and ____ can bind within the two asymmetrical grooves.

A

molecules; proteins

61
Q

DNA can form different types of _____.

A

secondary structure

62
Q

_____ double helices form under other ____ conditions.

A

Z-DNA; in vitro

63
Q

in vitro conditions in which Z-DNA double helices can form:

A
  1. high salt, high GC content
  2. low salt, C-methylation
  3. left-hand helix, 12 bases/turn
64
Q

Z-DNA double helix formation under in vitro conditions may have a role in ____ and _____.

A

recombination; transcription

65
Q

Differences in RNA structure: Ribose sugar component with ___ instead of ____.

A

uracil; thymine

66
Q

Differences in RNA structure: Most RNA is a _____, up to a few thousand nucleotides.

A

single-stranded polymer

67
Q

Differences in RNA structure: RNA molecules often have unusual ____ structures as a result of ____.

A

double-stranded; folding

68
Q

Representative RNA structures; use labeled phages to infect non-radioactive cells:

A
  1. bulge loop
  2. internal loop
  3. multi-branched junction
  4. stem-loop
69
Q

Plays a part in the RNA structure:

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

70
Q

RNA folding is critical for all of its functions in ribosomes, as mRNA, and even as catalytic molecules called _____.

A

ribozymes

Genetics (18 decks)

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