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PSYCH 202 Exam 3 > Lecture - auditory > Flashcards

Lecture - auditory Flashcards

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1
Q

sound

A

A vibrating object creates alternating waves of condensation and rarefaction in a medium

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2
Q

The pattern of condensation and rarefaction is

A

propagated away from the vibrating source like ripples in water

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3
Q

sound intensity progressively decreases with

A

distance from the source

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4
Q

velocity of sound in air

A

750 mph (1250 km/h, sound barrier)

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5
Q

velocity is greater in

A

denser media (wood, metal, water).

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6
Q

pure tone

A

single sinusoidal waveform. pressure is plotted as a sine wave. frequency is the number of cycles per second, or Hertz. amplitude is the magnitude of the pressure wave measured in decibels (dB).

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7
Q

perceiving pure tones

A

pure tones don’t exist in the natural world. the frequency of the sound will determine the pitch you perceive. The amplitude of the sound determines its loudness.

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8
Q

Audible frequency spectrum:

A

20 - 20,000 Hz

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9
Q

complexity

A

determines the timbre.

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10
Q

natural sounds are

A

complex patterns of vibrations.

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11
Q

fourier analysis

A

breaks natural sounds down into sine waves.

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12
Q

complex relationship between natural sounds and

A

perceived frequency.

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13
Q

the decibel scale

A

dB = 20(logP1/P0)
Because the dynamic range of the ear is so great, sound amplitude is expressed on a ratio scale (log 10), not an interval (linear) scale.

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14
Q

0 dB

A

corresponds to the average human’s absolute threshold for hearing.

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15
Q

6 dB increase

A

corresponds (approximately) to a doubling of sound pressure

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16
Q

1 Pa (unit of pressure, “Pascal”) =

A

1N/m2 (1 Newton/meter2)

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17
Q

Sound waves enter the

A

auditory canal of the ear and then cause the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate. This sets in motion the bones of the middle ear, the ossicles, which trigger vibrations of the oval window: hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes).

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18
Q

the ear pathway

A

Sound wave > eardrum > ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) > oval window

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19
Q

Vibration of the oval window sets in motion the

A

fluid of the cochlea, which is possible due to the movement of the round window.

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20
Q

The cochlea’s organ of Corti

A

is the auditory receptor organ

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21
Q

outer and middle ear are

A

filled with air

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22
Q

inner ear is

A

filled with fluid which is not compressible as air is. The ossicles amplify the vibration and the round window allows movement of the fluid in the cochlea.

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23
Q

the oval and round windows have membranes so

A

they move, but liquid does not enter nor escape (from and to the middle ear).

24
Q

The basilar membrane vibrates in response to

A

to sound hitting the eardrum and the frequency of the sound is encoded by the place on the basilar membrane that is
maximally vibrated by the sound.

25
Q

The basilar membrane is narrower and stiffer at the

A

basal end.

26
Q

The basilar membrane is wider and less tightly stretched at the

A

apical end

27
Q

Different frequencies produce

A

maximal stimulation of hair cells at different points along the basilar membrane

28
Q

the basilar membrane and the auditory pathway organization is

A

Tonotopic (frequency)

29
Q

Vibrations travel from the

A

base to the apex of the basilar membrane. High frequencies peak near the base, but
lower frequencies continue on and peak at the apex.

30
Q

organ of corti is composed of two membranes

A

basilar membrane and tectorial membrane

31
Q

basilar membrane

A

auditory receptors (hair cells) are mounted here

32
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

rests on top of the hair cells

33
Q

Transduction is produced by

A

the movement of hairs. Stimulation of hair cells triggers action potentials in the auditory nerve.

34
Q

Basilar membrane vibration causes deflection of hair bundles

A

The motion of the traveling wave creates shearing forces on the hair cell (stereocilia)

35
Q

hair cells

A

in humans there are about 3,750 inner hair cells per ear

36
Q

tip links

A

Extracellular filaments that physically connect hair cells together. spring gate ion channels (mechanical).

37
Q

Shearing movement of basilar and tectorial membranes

A

deflect hair cells

38
Q

Tension on tip link filaments leads to

A

opening of the ion channels

39
Q

The base of each hair cell is

A

contacted by a process from one or more spiral ganglion cells.

40
Q

the somas of the ganglion cells are in

A

the center of the cochlea, and the axons form the auditory nerve (8th cranial pair)

41
Q

monoaural pathway

A

recognition of sound (what). anterior auditory pathway to prefrontal cortex.

42
Q

binaural pathway

A

localization of sound (where). requires computation of differences between both ears in time of arrival and sound intensity. posterior auditory pathway to posterior parietal cortex.

43
Q

Cochlear nucleus and olives are in the

A

myelencephalon.

44
Q

The head absorbs sound energy

A

so that sound intensity is greater in one side of the head than on the other

45
Q

The brain is also sensitive to

A

millisecond differences in arrival time between the ears

46
Q

The lateral and medial superior olives react to

A

differences in what is heard by the two ears

47
Q

Medial olives

A

compute arrival time differences

48
Q

lateral olives

A

compute amplitude differences

49
Q

of areas in primary auditory cortex

A

two or three (tonotopic)

50
Q

of areas in secondary auditory cortex

A

about seven areas (tonotopic). do not respond well to pure tones and have not been well-researched.

51
Q

Functional columns

A

cells of a column respond to the same frequency

52
Q

Lesions of auditory cortex in rats results in

A

few permanent hearing deficits

53
Q

Lesions in monkeys and humans hinder

A

sound localization and pitch discrimination

54
Q

total deafness is rare due to

A

multiple pathways

55
Q

conductive deafness

A

damage to the ossicles

56
Q

nerve deafness

A

damage to the cochlea. Partial cochlear damage results in loss of hearing at particular frequencies.

57
Q

echolocation in bats

A

doppler shifts in frequency

PSYCH 202 Exam 3 (14 decks)

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