Lecture 9 - Wall-less bacteria and Other Oddities Flashcards
Mycoplasma are unique in that they “scavenge” _____ from the host, and substitute this for having a cell wall.
Cholesterol
An L Form is a bacterium that has lost its ____ ____, and can divide. This can only occur in ______conditions (otherwise they would lyse without a _____ ____.) Keep in mind these bacteria lose their shape (which should make sense given they’ve lost the thing that holds their shape.)
Cell Wall
Isosmotic
Cell Wall
Mycoplasma and Chlamydia are similar in that they are both very _____ (makes them hard to filter.)
Small
Mycoplasma are ______ bacteria (don’t invade host cells), while Chlamydia are obligate ______ bacteria (they can survive outside, but can only grow inside.) Keep in mind Chlamydia are considered gram _____, but their cell wall is not comprised of _____.
Extracellular
Intracellular
Negative
Peptidoglycan
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae is a causative agent for _____ or “_____” pneumonia. It also causes ______ or ______(the most common M. Pneumoniae disease) and Pharyngitis (which can proceed to the former two, or in rare cases Otitis media or Systemic infection - very rare.)
Atypical
“Walking”
Bronchitis or Bronchiolitis
Mycoplasma Genitalium is a causative agent for non-gonococcal ____ in both men and women, but can also cause _____ _____ _____ (PID) in women.
Urethritis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Mycoplasma were initially thought to be viruses because they could not be ______ (too small - they are the smallest bacteria.) Because they are so small, they have a small ______, which lacks many genes.
Filtered
Genome
The cytoplasmic membrane of Mycoplasma is unique in that it contains ______ that it scavenges from the host and is ______ (the outer leaflet is comprised of Lipo_____ rather than LPS.)
Sterols
Asymmetric
Lipoprotein
Because Mycoplasma lack a cell wall, they don’t ____ stain, they are resistant to cell wall inhibitors, and their _____ is not maintained by the cell wall (instead, it’s maintained by a primitive _______.)
Gram
Shape
Cytoskeleton
M. Pneumoniae diseases are presumtively diagnosed based on severity and lack of responsiveness to ______, followed by responsiveness to non-Beta lactam antibiotics.
Penicillin
Atypical bacterial pneumonia is more characterized by _____ rather than fluid buildup. It can be cause by Mycoplasma and Chlamydia pneumoniae, and in rare cases, Legionella pneumophila (very severe.)
Inflammation
In Atypical pneumonia, because it’s more characterized by inflammation than fluid buildup, the accompanying cough is usually ____. The incubation period is about 1-__ weeks. Symptoms also include:
- Rales
- Fever (though it’s often low.)
- X-ray shows diffuse or patchy density (rare to see consolidation.)
Dry
1-3 weeks
Atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma usually occurs in individuals ____ than 40 years old. That caused by Chlamydia accounts for 20% of all ____ pneumonia, and even more in children 5-20 years old.
Less than 40
Adult
M. Pneumoniae virulence factors include a _______ organelle –> binds specific host receptor protein and ultimately binds cilia which stops them from beating. It also produces _____ _____ which causes direct cytotoxic damage to epithelial cells (the host inflammatory response to this indirectly causes cytolysis as well.)
Cytoadherance organelle
Hydrogen peroxide
M. Pneumoniae can be diagnosed through bacterial culture (colonies have characteristic _____ ____ shape), but because the bacteria are slow growing, this isn’t a great method. Serum ______ can be performed, but is only positive about 50-70% of the time.) Diagnosis should be confirmed by staining the sputum with a fluorescent _____, or by ______.
Fried Egg shape
Agglutination
Antibody
PCR
Mycoplasma treatments include _____ synthesis inhibitors, as cell wall synthesis inhibitors would have no effect.
Protein
Chlamydia sp. are obligate ______ pathogens (they can survive outside but can only grow/divide inside) whose cell wall lacks ______. Instead, the cell wall is comprised of cross-linked ______.
Intracellular
Peptidoglycan
Proteins
As obligate intracellular pathogens, Chlamydia sp. have a _____ life cycle. This consists of an ______ body that is non-replicative (but is infectious and can survive short periods outside macrophages), and a ______ body, which is replicative and can ONLY survive inside macrophages.
Biphasic
Elementary body
Reticulate body
Chlamydia infection is a common cause for atypical pneumonia in young adults and adults older than ____.
60
Keep in mind that Chlamydia sp. lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, so beta-lactam antibiotics (i.e. penicillin) won’t be effective. Instead, ______ inhibitors should be used to treat. The fact that chlamydia sp. are obligate intracellular bacteria is another reason to use _____ inhibitors, as these tend to be taken up by host cells –> allows them to carry out their function on the intracellular bacteria.
Translation
Translation
Chlamyidia trachomatis causes about 50% of non-_______ urehtritis. In females, it can also cause PID, endometriosis, and ectopic _____.
non-Gonococcal urethritis
Pregnancy
Because it’s hard to directly identify Chlamydia sp., in order to diagnose C. Trachomatis infection, you should follow a diagnosis of _______ method (rule out other possibilities.) Treatment involves use of ______ synthesis inhibitor.
Exclusion
Protein
Chlamydia Psitacci is the causative agent for ______ (bird fever.) It is spread through inhalation of bird _____. Infection can lead to Pneumonia with systemic infection, hepatitis, and ______.
Psittacosis
Feces
Endocarditis
Legionella Pneumophila is the causative agent for _______ disease. The bacteria has an incubation period of 2-___ days, and the disease has a high mortality rate (about 15%.)
Legionnaires
2-10 days
