Lecture 12 B - Animal Viruses

Question 1

Non-segmented, negative strand enveloped ssRNA viruses include the families ______, ______, and _____.

Answer 1

Paramyxoviridae

Rhabdoviridae

Filoviridae

Question 2

All - strand RNA viruses bring with them their own ______.

Answer 2

RNA pol

Question 3

In the Paramyxaviridae family, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mumps virus, and Measels virus all represent ______ tract infections on the basis of how they’re spread. The host range includes humans and ______.

Answer 3

Respiratory tract

Monkeys

Question 4

The nucleic acid in these viruses is covered by a protein coat called a _______

Answer 4

Nucleocapsid

Question 5

The capsids of these Paramyaviridae viruses contain 2 important proteins that help them attach and fuse with host cell plasma membranes. The one responsible for attachment is called ______, while the one involved in fusion is called ______ protein. The attachment protein binds tightly to ______, which decorates proteins on host cell plasma membranes.

Answer 5

Hemagglutinin

F (fusion) protein

Syalic acid

Question 6

In - strand RNA viruses, the viral RNA generates a + strand RNA from the - strand. The ___ strand is the coding strand of RNA that can be translated into protein. Keep in mind the viral RNA polymerase can synthesize just portions of + strands used for translation into protein OR synthesize a complete + strand. The latter serves as a ______ for making a new - strand needed for viral progeny.

Answer 6

+ strand

Template

Question 7

There is one _____ of measles virus, which is significant because once you’ve had it or once you’re vaccinated, you have immunity to the virus.

Answer 7

Serotype

Question 8

Incubation time for Measles is ____-____ days. Symptoms initially include symptoms common to something like the flu. After the incubation period, patients present with a diffuse and macular ______. Sometimes, ______ spots appear, which are white spots that appear under the tongue or on the palate a few days before the diffuse and macular _____. Infection could lead to pneumonia, or in sever cases, _______. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment for the measles virus. Prevention involves vaccinating with the MMR vaccine at ___-___ months and again at 4-6 years.

Answer 8

10-14

Rash

Kuplik’s

Rash

Encephalitis

12-15 months

Question 9

Replication of the measles virus begins in respiratory ______ –> spreads to monocytes/______ –> clinical symptoms appear (remember this is 10-14 days after initial infection.) Measles attacks skin surfaces and the immune system, so children die of complications including _____, and diarrhea (keep in mind it can also lead to blindness and brain damage.)

Answer 9

Epithelium

Macrophages

Pneumonia

Question 10

Mumps virus also has 1 _____ (again, significant in that once you have immunity, you’re protected.) Infection leads to inflammation and enlargement of ____ glands. Systemic infection can occur via viremia with major targets such as _____ tissue, rarely testes, rarely mammary glands, rarely myocardium and pancreas.

Answer 10

Serotype

Salivary

Nervous tissue

Question 11

Rhabdoviridae –> Rhabdovirus causes ____. It’s an ______ virus with a common, elongated, bullet shape.

Answer 11

Rabies

Enveloped

Question 12

Rabies infection leads to acute, fatal viral inflammation of the _____. Death is usually via ______ paralysis. It is transmitted through animal bites.

Answer 12

Brain

Respiratory

Question 13

The initial replication of the Rhabdovirus is in _____. The incubation period is usually 1-2 months. This is significant because this would allow administration of a ______ to be effective in preventing the disease AFTER you’ve been bitten. Entry into the _____ marks the first symptoms, which are non-specific. Later symptoms, when the virus has disseminated to the peripheral nerves, include neurological symptoms such as _____ and confusion, hyperactivity, encephalitis, hypersalivation, and _____phobia. Mortality rate is 100%.

Answer 13

Muscle

Vaccine

CNS

Anxiety

Hydrophobia

Question 14

___ bodies can be seen in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in post-mortem rabies patients. Prevention includes an extremely effective _____ (which can even be administered post-exposure because of the long incubation period.) Post exposure, passive immunoglobulins can be combined with the _____.

Answer 14

Negri

Vaccine

Vaccine

Question 15

Filoviridae –> ____ virus belongs to this family. It is a long, filamentous virus.

Answer 15

Ebola virus

Question 16

Ebola virus causes ______ fever. The reservoir is not know with certainty, but it’s thought to be ____. Transmission can be from infected animal to human or human to human via contact with _____ or secretions (keep in mind it does not spread through aerosols –> not a respiratory virus.)

Answer 16

Hemorrhagic fever

Bats

Blood

Question 17

The incubation period for Ebola virus is 2-21 days, after which symptoms of fever, headache, ____ and muscle aches, followed by ____ and vomiting, rash, red eyes, and internal + external _____.

Answer 17

Joint and muscle aches

Diarrhea and vomiting

Bleeding

Question 18

Ebola pathogenesis involves replication of the virus which causes damage to the _____ system, ____ storm, and necrosis in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and lungs. Hemorrhage is a result of the drop in clotting cells and proteins –> leads to edema and shock.

Answer 18

Immune

Cytokine storm