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NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 > Lecture 9 - Transmitter Systems I > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Transmitter Systems I Flashcards

1
Q

What coagonist is needed for NMDA receptors to function properly?

A

Glycine

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2
Q

What are the 3 groups of biogenic amine neuromodulators?

A

Catecholamines, Indoleamine, & Imidazoleamine

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3
Q

How many and which subunits are ionotropic GABA receptors made of?

A

Ionotropic GABA receptors have a pentameric (5 subunit) assembly of 2α:2β:γ.

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4
Q

What is a common medical use of atropine? How does it work?

A

Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist. It inhibits muscarinic receptors in the eye and will result in pupil dilation. It is used for different ophthalmological procedures where pupil dilation is necessary.

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5
Q

Which type of glutamatergic ionotropic receptor is responsible for the majority of fast excitation?

A

AMPA

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6
Q

True or False?:

Histamine has 4 ionotropic receptors.

A

False

Histamine has 4 metabotropic receptors.

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7
Q

What are the three classes of glutamate ionotropic receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA, & Kainate

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8
Q

True or False?:

Norepinephrine’s function in the CNS is not well understood because it has less wide-spread projections in the brain, but it has strong effects on the periphery.

A

False

Epinephrine’s function in the CNS is not well understood because it has less wide-spread projections in the brain, but it has strong effects on the periphery.

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9
Q

True or False?:

AMPA receptors act as co-incidence detectors during synaptic plasticity and act as a critical source of calcium.

A

False

NMDA receptors act as co-incidence detectors during synaptic plasticity and act as a critical source of calcium.

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10
Q

Which type of biogenic amine neuromodulator is serotonin (5-HT)?

A

Indoleamine

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11
Q

Which enzyme degrades acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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12
Q

True or False?:

Glutamate is used in the brain while acetylcholine is used in the neuromuscular junction in vertebrates. This is flipped in invertebrates.

A

True

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13
Q

How would an I-V curve comparing NMDA receptors in the presence of glutamate and magnesium and NMDA receptors in the presence of glutamate without magnesium look?

A
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14
Q

How many transmembrane domains do ionotropic GABA subunits have?

A

4

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15
Q

What makes an NMDA receptor a co-incidence detector? What intracellular change indicates co-incidence?

A

NMDA receptors require two conditions to be met in order to open. Firstly, the presynaptic side must be active and releasing glutamate and the postsynaptic side must also be active and depolarized. As such, NMDA receptors allow you to detect when both the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are active at the same time or within a short period of time (co-incidence). Since NMDA receptors are the only glutamatergic receptor that can pass calcium, a change in the internal calcium concentration is a marker for co-incidence.

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16
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

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17
Q

True or False?:

Muscarinic receptors mediate most central effects of acetylcholine, as well as activation of the parasympathetic system.

A

True

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18
Q

What happens if magnesium enters the pore of a NMDA receptor? How is this dealt with?

A

When magnesium enters the pore of an NMDA receptor, it blocks the channel. (The positive ion is attracted to the negative interior of the cell.) The ion stays there until post-synaptic depolarization cause the ion to unblock the channel (because the negative charge becomes weaker), allowing current flow and calcium entry.

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19
Q

What are the two categories and five different dopamine receptors?

A

D1-Like (D1, D5) and D2-Like (D2, D3, D4)

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20
Q

True or False?:

ATP has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors while adenosine has only metabotropic receptors.

A

True

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21
Q

Where in a GABAA repector does GABA bind?

A

GABA binds at a α-β interface.

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22
Q

Which type of glutamatergic ionotropic receptors contributes most to temporal summation? Why?

A

Kainate receptors contribute most to temporal summation because they have small amplitudes but long durations.

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23
Q

How do excitatory postsynaptic currents differ between AMPA and NMDA receptors?

A

AMPA receptors open very fast with a high amplitude but also close very fast. NMDA receptors open slower with a lower amplitude but stay open for longer.

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24
Q

True or False?:

AMPA and kainate receptors are non-specific cation channels while NMDA receptors can also flux calcium.

A

True

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25
Q

Which major neurotransmitter only has one subtype of receptor? What is that type?

A

Glycine only has ionotropic receptors.

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26
Q

True or False?:

Vesicular transporters are identical to those on the plasma membrane.

A

False

Vesicular membrane transporters differ from those on the plasma membrane.

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27
Q

What does benzodiazepine do?

A

Benzodiazepine binds to ionotropic GABA receptors between the β and γ subunits.

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28
Q

What are the 3 major types of catecholamines?

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, & Epinephrine

29
Q

What binds to A1 autoreceptors instead of adenosine and blocks them?

A

Caffeine

30
Q

What is the structure of nAChRs in the NMJ?

A

2α:β:ε:δ

31
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

32
Q

What does serotonin do in the brain?

A

Serotonin regulates sleep/wakefulness, mood, anxiety, and food intake.

33
Q

What is the name of the ionotropic serotonergic receptors? What are their characteristics?

A

The ionotropic serotonergic receptors are the 5-HT3A-E receptors. They are excitatory, pentomeric, and related to nAChR.

34
Q

What would happen if you block acetylcholinesterase in a vertebrate?

A

The organism would die because acetylcholine would not be degraded and all muscles would be constantly activated.

35
Q

How many transmembrane domains do muscarinic receptors have?

A

7

36
Q

Where is histamine made in the brain?

A

Tuberomammillary Nucleus of Hypothalamus

37
Q

True or False?:

Ionotropic receptors are typically excitatory or inhibitory while metabotropic receptors are typically modulatory.

A

True

38
Q

True or False?:

Catecholamines only have ionotropic receptors.

A

False

Catecholamines only have metabotropic receptors.

39
Q

True or False?:

Modulatory neurotransmitters are typically found in small clear vesicles so that they can rapidly be released while excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are typically found in large dense-core vesicles that will have a slower release.

A

False

Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are typically found in small clear vesicles so that they can rapidly be released while modulatory neurotransmitters are typically found in large dense-core vesicles that will have a slower release.

40
Q

What are the steps of the biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamine neurotransmitters (including enzymes)?

A

Tyrosine → DOPA via Tyrosine Hydroxylase

DOPA → Dopamine via DOPA Decarboxylase

Dopamine → Norepinephrine via Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase

Norepinephrine → Epinephrine via Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyl-Transferase (PNMT)

41
Q

Where is serotonin made in the brain?

A

Raphe Nuclei

42
Q

What is the structure of nAChRs in the CNS?

A

3α:2β

43
Q

What are the two parts of the brain in which dopamine is produced? Which is each responsible for?

A

Substantia Nigra - Dopamine from here is essential for the initiation of voluntary movements and supressing unwanted movements. Breakdown of this area is responsible for Parkinson’s. (Contributes to motion.)

Ventral Tegmental Area - Dopamine from here is involved in reward pathways. Overactivation of this area is thought to be linked to addictions. (Contributes to motivation.)

44
Q

What are the three types of postsynaptic effects of receptors?

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory, Modulatory

45
Q

Why does GABA act as an excitatory neurotransmitter in immature neurons? How does this change through development?

A

In early development, neurons express a lot of the NKCC1 membrane protein, which pumps chloride into the cell. When GABAA receptors open, chloride flows out of the cell instead of into the cell, resulting in a depolarization. Through development, more of the KCC2 membrane protein is expressed which pumps chloride out of the cell. As the membrane proteins change, the chloride reversal potential decreases. When it gets below the threshold, GABA causes shunting inhibition instead of excitation. When it gets below the resting potential, it causes regular inhibition.

46
Q

Where is norepinephrine made in the brain?

A

Locus Coeruleus

47
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

48
Q

What do the transmembrane domains of muscarinic receptors create?

A

Unlike nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors don’t create a pore through the membrane. Rather, they create a binding pocket for ACh.

49
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamine neurotransmitters?

A

Tyrosine → DOPA via Tyrosine Hydroxylase

50
Q

Where is epinephrine made in the brain?

A

Medullary Epinephrine Neurons

51
Q

What does histamine do in the brain?

A

Histamine is involved in arousal/wakefulness.

52
Q

Where is the G-protein binding site on the muscarinic receptors?

A

On the Intracellular C-Terminal

53
Q

True or False?:

AMPARs have an amino-terminal domain and ligand-binding domain on the inside of the cell and a carboxyl-terminal domain on the outside of the cell.

A

False

AMPARs have an amino-terminal domain and ligand-binding domain on the outside of the cell and a carboxyl-terminal domain on the inside of the cell.

54
Q

What are the steps of the biosynthetic pathway for serotonin (including enzymes)?

A

Tryptophan → 5-Hydroxytryptophan via Tryptophan-5-Hydroxylase

5-Hydroxytryptophan → Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) via Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase

55
Q

What two molecules combine to make acetylcholine? Where does the cell get them from?

A

Acetylcholine is made from acetyl CoA and choline. Acetyl CoA is an intermediate of cellular respiration (product of pyruvate oxidation) while choline is obtained through recycling (pumped back in from the synaptic cleft).

56
Q

True or False?:

There is debate as to whether or not aspartate is a excitatory neurotransmitter.

A

True

57
Q

True or False?:

There are 4 different α nACh and 10 different β nACh domains.

A

False

There are 10 different α nACh and 4 different β nACh domains.

58
Q

True or False?:

Muscarinic receptors predominate at the NMJ and in the sympathetic ganglia, but are also found in the CNS.

A

False

Nicotinic receptors predominate at the NMJ and in the sympathetic ganglia, but are also found in the CNS.

59
Q

True or False?:

GABA is synthesized out of glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase.

A

True

60
Q

What does norepinephrine do in the brain?

A

Norepinephrine regulates a number of functions like sleep/wakefulness, attention, eating, mood, and memory-retrieval. It also signals sympathetic activation.

61
Q

What are ionotropic cholinergic receptors activated by? What are they therefore called?

A

Ionotropic cholinergic receptors are activated by nicotine. As such, they are called nicotinic receptors (nACh).

62
Q

True or False?:

ATP is often co-released with other transmitters,

A

True

63
Q

Which type of biogenic amine neuromodulator is histamine?

A

Imidazoleamine

64
Q

How do excitatory postsynaptic currents differ between AMPA and kainate receptors?

A

AMPA receptors open very fast with a high amplitude but also close very fast. Kainate receptors open at the same rate, but have a lower amplitude and also stay open for much longer.

65
Q

How do nAChRs and AMPARs differ?

A

nAChRs have four transmembrane helices and have both the N and C terminals outside the cell. AMPARs have three transmembrane helices plus a pore loop and have the N terminal outside the cell and the C terminal inside the cell.

66
Q

Theoretically, how many vesicular transporters are needed to fill a vesicle?

A

One

67
Q

Is glycine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

68
Q

What is ATP quickly broken down to?

A

Adenosine

69
Q

True or False?:

There are receptors for both ATP (P1 or A type) and adenosine (P2 type).

A

False

There are receptors for both ATP (P2 type) and adenosine (P1 or A type).

NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 (23 decks)

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