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NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 > Lecture 10 - Transmitter Systems II > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Transmitter Systems II Flashcards

1
Q

True or False?:

Respiratory function is highly regulated by μ opioid receptors.

A

True

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2
Q

What do cocaine and amphetamine do?

A

Cocaine and amphetamine increase glutamatergic synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Chronic exposure results in changes in nucleus accumbens (NAc) synaptic strength.

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3
Q

How do endocannabinoids suppress transmitter release?

A

Lipid precursors are converted to endocannabinoids (calcium- or mGluR-dependent) and released from the postsynaptic cell. The metabotropic CB1 on the presynaptic cell identifies the endocannabinoids and reduces activity of presynaptic calcium channels and reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released in the same way GABA can.

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4
Q

What can nitric oxide do when synthesized in a cell? What’s the main reason why this may not occur?

A

Nitric oxide can freely permeate the membrane and pass into another cell where it will interact with guanylyl cyclase to turn GTP into cGMP which can activate protein kinase G. Though, NO is unstable and will breakdown before it is able to travel far intercellular distances.

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5
Q

Which opioid receptor does morphine activate?

A

μ

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6
Q

What is cocaine’s mode of action?

A

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of monoamines (dopamine) between the VTA and NAc, resulting in more signaling at the synapse.

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7
Q

What are hallucinogenic drugs an agonist of and anti-psychotic drugs an antagonist of?

A

5-HT2A

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of opioid receptors?

A

μ, δ, and κ

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9
Q

Which type of vesicle are neuropeptides typically stored in?

A

Large Dense-Core Vesicles

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10
Q

How does endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression work?

A

Endocannabanoids signal to the CB1R on the presynaptic cell and inhibit the function of RIM1α, a protein that interacts with vesicles during priming. As such, priming is slower and less vesicles are ready to fuse at the time an action potential is recieved.

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11
Q

True or False?:

MDMA (ecstacy) has an amphetamine-like action but is less hallucinogenic and more euphoric.

A

True

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12
Q

Which types of opioid receptors are responsible for analgesia (the inability to feel pain)?

A

μ, δ, and κ

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13
Q

True or False?:

Opioid peptides start off as small pre-cursor proteins before being modified into longer proteins.

A

False

Opioid peptides start off as large pre-cursor proteins before being split into smaller proteins.

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14
Q

True or False?:

There are very few neuropeptides.

A

False

The majority of neurotransmitters are neuropeptides.

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15
Q

How many metabotropic receptors are there?

A

Around 300

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16
Q

What is a behavioural difference between the praire vole and the meadow vole? What is this caused by?

A

The prairie vole pair-bonds while the meadow vole does not pair-bond. This is because the praire vole has high levels of vasopressin receptors while the meadow vole does not.

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17
Q

True or False?:

Oxytocin and vasopressin are very evolutionarily conserved.

A

True

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18
Q

Which two neurotransmitters take part in retrograde transmission?

A

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Endocannabinoids.

19
Q

What are the three types of endogenous opioid peptides?

A

Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Dynorphins

20
Q

True or False?:

The PFC and hippocampus (among other structures) get excitatory input from the VTA and NAc.

A

False

The VTA and NAc get excitatory input from the PFC and hippocampus (among other structures).

21
Q

True or False?:

Weakening of glutamatergic synapses in the NAc suppresses cocaine-induced behaviour.

A

True

22
Q

How do V1aR microsatellites affect satisfaction in relationships?

A

Those with two long V1aR microsatellites report having more satisfying relationships than those with two short or one short and one long microsatellite. This is because V1aR is expressed more in those with larger microsatellites.

23
Q

True or False?:

Endorphins prefer μ, enkephalins prefer κ, and dynorphins prefer δ. Though, there is considerable cross-reactivity.

A

False

Endorphins prefer μ, enkephalins prefer δ, and dynorphins prefer κ. Though, there is considerable cross-reactivity.

24
Q

True or False?:

Chronic cocaine exposure results in weakening of glutamatergic synapses in the NAc.

A

False

Chronic cocaine exposure results in strenghtening of glutamatergic synapses in the NAc.

25
Q

True or False?:

Anti-depressants are very addictive because they act on the serotonin transporter (SERT).

A

False

Anti-depressents are non-addictive, but can cause dependence. They have many types and modes of action, often on the serotonin transporter (SERT) or norepinephrine transporter (NET).

26
Q

Where do you see changes upon taking drugs of abuse? Where do you see changes just upon chronic use of these drugs?

A

Drugs of abuse affect the VTA. Chronic drug use affects the NAc.

27
Q

All three types of opioid receptor are involved with reward function. Which have an effect of reinforcement and which have an effect of aversion?

A

Reinforcement - μ, δ

Aversion - κ

28
Q

True or False?:

Pre-propeptides become propeptides which become active peptides.

A

True

29
Q

How does endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-dependent suppression of inhibition work?

A

When the post-synaptic cell is depolarized, it release endocannabinoids onto the presynaptic cell that suppress calcium channels, resulting in less release of inhibitory neurotransmitters.

30
Q

How many amino acids are usually found in a neuropeptide?

A

3 to 36

31
Q

What will nicotine directly stimulate in the reward circuitry?

A

Nicotine will stimulate nAChRs in the VTA causing an increase in dopamine release.

32
Q

True or False?:

Nitric oxide is synthesized from arginine via NO synthase.

A

True

33
Q

What is vasopressin responsible for?

A

Vasopressin regulates bonding and salt retention, increases pressure in blood vessels, and helps avoid dehydration.

34
Q

What is the mode of action for amphetamine and methamphetamine?

A

Amphetamine andd methamphetamine reverse the function of monoamine transporters (increase their release), making more monoamines (like dopamine) available for postsynaptic uptake.

35
Q

What do psychoactive drugs of abuse stimulate?

A

Psychoactive drugs of abuse stimulate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc).

36
Q

What can endocannabinoids cause?

A

DSI (depolarization-dependent suppression of inhibition), DSE (depolarization-dependent suppression of excitation), or LTD (long-term depression)

37
Q

What do barbiturates do?

A

They increase the duration of GABA channel opening, increasing channel function.

38
Q

What are orphan receptors?

A

Orphan receptors are receptors that have been identified but do not have an identified ligand yet.

39
Q

True or False?:

Dynorphin A may regulate expression of trust and fear.

A

False

Oxytocin may regulate expression of trust and fear.

40
Q

If you inhibit a GABA cell innervating the VTA, how will dopamine release be influenced?

A

GABA is inhibitory. When a GABA cell is inhibited, it increases the action of the postsynaptic cell. As such, the VTA will release more dopamine.

41
Q

What kind of peptide are leucine enkephalin, α-Endorphin, and dynorphin A?

A

Opioid Peptides

42
Q

What are PCP and ketamine though to do?

A

PCP and ketamine are thought to bind to NMDA receptors (near the magnesium site) in the NAc and inhibit them.

43
Q

Alcohol has complex, poorly understood effects. What can it do?

A
  • Increase the channel function of certain GABA receptors, which mediate tonic inhibition.
  • At higher doses, it blocks NMDA receptors which may account for memory loss and psychotic-like effects of intoxication.
  • Potentiates (increases the effect of ) 5HT3 receptors, which are excitatory channels on inhibitory neurons.

NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 (23 decks)

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