Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 > Lecture 15 - Early Brain Development I > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Early Brain Development I Flashcards

1
Q

Which signals act on the anterior structures and which signals act on posterior structures during development?

A

Anterior: Wnt Inhibitor, BMP Inhibitor

Posterior: RA, FGF, Wnt, BMP Inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is G?

A

Cerebral Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which germ layers forms the skin, nails, hair, lens of eye, lining of the internal and external ear, nose, sinuses, mouth, pituitary gland, and the mammary gland?

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

Cerebellum and Pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is I?

A

Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False?:

Hensen’s node is found in amphibians. Spemann’s organizer is found in humans and chicks. They are homologus to eachother.

A

False

Hensen’s node is found in humans and chicks. Spemann’s organizer is found in amphibians. They are homologus to eachother.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is J?

A

Somite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is K?

A

Metencephlon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is H?

A

Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is D?

A

Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)?

A

A lumbar puncture is when a needle is inserted between lumbar vertebrae for the recovery of CSF so that it can be screened for proteins, glucose, and pressure. It is helpful in diagnosing hemorrhage, meningitis, and CNS inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two phases of inductive signaling from underlying mesoderm?

A

Activation: Activating signals from early-forming mesoderm induces differentiation of neural plate, but in a default state of anterior differentiation (classical neural induction).

Transformation: Transforming signals coming from late-forming mesoderm induces posterior character to neural tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the following diagram of the neural tube being sealed, what is D?

A

Anterior Neural Fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What structure induces the ectoderm above it to become the neural plate during neurulation?

A

Notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is D?

A

Roofplate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida is a birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is F?

A

Cervical Flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would happen if you injected chordin mRNA into an embryo?

A

You would trigger the development of a second nervous system (like in the “organizer” experiment).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the following diagram of the neural tube being sealed, what is B?

A

Central Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is H?

A

Notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is G?

A

Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In the following diagram of the neural tube being sealed, what is A?

A

Neural Tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

The primitive streak is the faint streak which is the earliest trace of the embryo in the fertilized ovum of a higher vertebrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is D?

A

Mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles does the mesencephalon become?

A

Mesencephalon

(This is kind of a trick question because the vesicle isn’t subdivided.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A
  • Formation of the 3 germinal layers.
  • Inward migration of cells.
  • Creation of the notochord.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is E?

A

Neural Tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which germ layer forms the muscles, bones, lymphatic tissue, spleen, blood cells, heart, lungs, reproductive system, excretory system, and the notochord?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the notochord found?

A

The notochord starts at the primitive pit (near Hensen’s node/Spemann’s organizer) and elongates under the primitive streak.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculus and Fiber Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon become?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is F?

A

Lateral Ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What do you predict will happen in the following transplantation experiment?

A

Early-Forming (Anterior): A secondary head is formed.

Late-Forming (Posterior): A secondary tail is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is C?

A

Pre-Somitic Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is J?

A

Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles does the prosencephalon become?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does the neural tube become regionalized?

A

Induction of neural tissue by mesodermal factors is followed by graded mesodermal signals that help regionalize the neural tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is A?

A

Cerebral Hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which germ layer forms the lining of the lungs, tounge, tonsils, urethra and associated glands, bladder, and digestive tract?

A

Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is A?

A

Prosencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is D?

A

Rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles (in order from furthest to closest to spinal cord)?

A

Prosencephalon, Mescencephalon, and Rhombencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is C?

A

Lateral Fissure

44
Q

In the following diagram of the neural tube being sealed, what is E?

A

Somite

45
Q

What common problem causes both anencephaly and spina bifida?

A

Neural Tube Closure Problems

46
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Anencephal is a rare birth defect that occurs early in pregnancy. Infants with anencephaly usually have a brain stem, which controls reflex actions such as breathing, but don’t have a forebrain or cerebrum.

47
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Neurulation is the folding process in vertebrate embryos that turns the neural plate into the neural tube.

48
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles (in order from furthest to closest to spinal cord)?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon

49
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is A?

A

Mesenchymal Cells

50
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is B?

A

Optic Vesicle

51
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla and Cranial Nerve Nuclei

52
Q

What are the 4 steps of neurulation?

A
  1. Induce formation of the neural plate.
  2. Fold the neural plate into an elongated structure called the neural tube.
  3. Seal the neural tube.
  4. Close the ends of the neural tube.
53
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid responsible for?

A
  • Protection (gravity, injury)
  • Homeostasis (electrolytes, etc.)
54
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is A?

A

Endoderm

55
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is C?

A

Anterior Neural Fold

56
Q

What is the predecessor of adrenergic neurons and cholinergic neurons?

A

Sympathetic Progenitor

57
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is C?

A

Diencephalon

58
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is G?

A

Neural Groove

59
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is B?

A

Mesoderm

60
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is H?

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is F?

A

Primitive Streak

62
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is E?

A

Notochord

63
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is C?

A

Cephalic Flexure

64
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is B?

A

Central Sulcus

65
Q

What is one of the first signs that the process of gastrulation is going to take place?

A

Presence of the Primitive Streak

66
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is C?

A

Ectoderm

67
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is I?

A

Central Canal

68
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is K?

A

Future Cerebral Aqueduct

69
Q

How is spina bifida prevented?

A

Spina bifida is prevented by prescribing folic acid supplements to pregnant women.

70
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is I?

A

Floorplate

71
Q

What are the 3 germinal layers?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

72
Q

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

Choroid Plexus

73
Q

What happened in Mangold and Spemann’s “organizer” experiment?

A
  • Tissue from the dorsal lip of the blastopore (which normally becomes the mesoderm) from an unpigmented donor embryo was transplanted to a recipient pigmented embryo.
  • The transplanted tissue caused formation of a secondary embryo.
  • Upon closer inspection, transplanted tissue formed additional mesodermal tissue, including a second notochord.
  • Importantly, the secondary notochord tissue caused formation of an additional neural plate/tube that was entirely made from host tissue.
74
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is F?

A

Somites

75
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Retina

76
Q

In the following diagram of the neural tube being sealed, what is C?

A

Neural Crest

77
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Hydrocephalus is a disorder occuring in 1 in 500 live births. It results in head enlargement and separation of cranial bones (especially if before 2 years of age). There are over 180 causes like altered CSF flow, problems with reabsorption, or excessive CSF production. It is classed into communication (non-obstructive) or non-communicating (obstructive). It can be congenital or acquired. Congenital forms are normally caused by development problems resulting in blockade of cerebral aqueduct or foramens. It is treated with a shunt.

78
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is L?

A

Olfactory Bulb

79
Q

True or False?:

The notochord is a transient structure that becomes part of the vertebral column.

A

True

80
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is M?

A

Third Ventricle

81
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is H?

A

Spinal Cord

82
Q

From where do cells inwardly migrate during gastrulation?

A

Primitive Streak

83
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is D?

A

Optic Vesicle

84
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is E?

A

Spinal Cord

85
Q

Which germ layer forms the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

86
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is F?

A

Ectoderm

87
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is F?

A

Pontine Flexure

88
Q

What defines the midline of the embryo?

A

Notochord

89
Q

How is it determined which parts of the ectoderm become the nervous system in Drosophila?

A

Decapentaplegic (dpp) induces a non-neuronal fate to all of the ectoderm. Above the notochord, short gastrulation (sog) is released, which inhibits the dpp signal so that the portion of ectoderm can take on its default neuronal state.

90
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is A?

A

Neural Tube

91
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is E?

A

Diencephalon (Thalamus)

92
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is G?

A

Cranial and Spinal Ganglia

93
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is L?

A

Lateral Ventricle

94
Q

In the following diagram of the neural plate being folded into the neural tube, what is B?

A

Neural Crest

95
Q

What are the 5 broad events that occur during embryonic development?

A
  1. Cell Division and Basic Organization
  2. Body Plan Formation
  3. Morphogenesis
  4. Cell Proliferation/Differentiation
  5. Growth and Connectivity
96
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is E?

A

Metencephalon

97
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is E?

A

Rhombencephalon

98
Q

What are the 5 relevant properties of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)?

A
  • They are members of the TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) superfamily of secreted growth factors.
  • They are expressed in ectoderm.
  • They cause signaling events that promote epidermal cell fate.
  • They are inhibited by noggin, chording, and follistatin, thus allowing for neural induction.
  • Without active suppression, the cause ectoderm to become epidermis.
99
Q

In the following diagram of the closure of the neural tube, what is B?

A

Sensory Ganglion

100
Q

In the following diagram of the induction of the formation of the neural plate, what is D?

A

Neural Plate

101
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebrum, Olfactory Lobes, and Hippocampus

102
Q

What is the predecessor of sensory neurons, sympathetic progenitors, melanocytes, and chromaffin cell progenitors?

A

Neural Crest Progenitor

103
Q

What do noggin, chordin, and follistatin do?

A

They are secreted proteins that induce ectoderm to form neural tissue by binding and inhibiting the actions of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling molecules.

104
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is J?

A

Fourth Ventricle

105
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is A?

A

Telencephalon

106
Q

In the following diagram of the developing brain, what is B?

A

Mesencephalon

NSCI 200 - Intro to Neuroscience 1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions