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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 9 - the remembering brain P2 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - the remembering brain P2 Flashcards

1
Q

short term memory

A

memory for active information

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2
Q

long term memory

A

stored information that isn’t presently/consciously accessible

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3
Q

working memory

A

a system for the temporary storage and manipulation of information

  • the active manipulation of info within the STM store to serve higher cognitive functions
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4
Q

Baddeleys (2000) model of working memory

A

seperate STM stores and an executive system for manipulating and controlling info within the stores

  • visuospatial sketchpad
  • episodic buffer
  • phonological loop
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5
Q

where is the phonological store in the brain

A
  • lies posteriorly

- in parietal lobes

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6
Q

Smith et al 1996 - PET study on Model of Working Memory

A
  • tested Ps on short-term retnetion fo either letters (verbal STM) or location of markers (visual STM)
  • found distinct brain regions are active in two tasks
  1. verbal STM - left hemisphere
  2. visuospatial STM - right hemisphere
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7
Q

what did Miller (1956) suggest the capacity of the STM was:

A

7 +/- 2 - meaningful ‘chunks’ of information

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8
Q

what does chunking rely on

A
  • relies on LTM and on LTM and STM interactions
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9
Q

what did Cowan 2001 suggest the capacity of the STM is

A

lower - around 4

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10
Q

why is the span of the STM capacity not related to the meaningfulness of chunks? (BADDELEY 1996)

A
  • span length lower for polysyllabic words (eg. skeleton)

- span length lower for phonologically similar words (map, cat, cap etc.)

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11
Q

what does the capacity of the STM depend on according to Baddeley

A
  • opportunity to rehearse the material - ARTICULATORY SUPRESSION
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12
Q

Span tasks rely on what two components according to Baddeley?

A
  1. phonological store component (verbal STM)

2. and a rehearsal mechanism

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13
Q

Paulesu et al 1993 - PET study on the separation of the phonological loop

A

PS performed task either:

a. STM for letters (both store and rehearsal components)
b. rhyming judgements (rehearsal only)
- phonological store > LEFT SUPRAMARGINAL GYRUS
- rehearsal system > BROCAS

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14
Q

two models of Visuospatial STM

A

SLOT MODEL: a small number of memory ‘slots’ each capable of storing a single visual object

RESOURCE MODEL: no upper limit on no. of items stored - BUT the more items held in memory - the less precisely they can be recalled.

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15
Q

Luck and Vogel (1997) on the slot model

A
  • brief displays of arrays (incl. coloured squares and oriented coloured lines)
  • PS could retain information about only FOUR colours or orientations in visual WM at one time.

BUT they could retain info about colour AND orientation of four objects

so - visual STM capacity understood in terms of integrated objects NOT individual features.

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16
Q

Bays, Catalao and Hussain (2009) and the resource model

A
  • Ps exposed to arrays which contained 1-6 coloured squares
  • they were presented with test array with a prop to recall one of the squares colours.
  • precision of recall decreased with increase of item on the array
17
Q

Ranganath et al 2004 - neural correlates of visuospatial STM (procedure)

A
  • delayed matching sample: PS shown Face/place and asked to keep it in mind - then test stimulus shown
  • in delayed paired associates - PS had previously learned to pair particular face and place images together
18
Q

ignore

A

okay

19
Q

what does the delayed-response task measure

A

this measures working memory

20
Q

delayed response task in monkey

A

monkey must continue t retain the location of the unseen food during delay period (WM)

  • lesions to prefrontal cortex impacts this ability
  • but is this due to deficit in forming associations or working memory?
21
Q

working memory vs associative memory - delayed response task

A
  • food is paired with a visual cue
  • task measures animals ability to retain long-term rules
  • no need for animal to retain visuospatial info during delay
  • PFC lesions do not damage this ability (only damage WM task)
22
Q

response of PFC neurones in delay response task

A
  • prefrontal neurons differentially respond to stages of experiment (cue-delay-response)
  • neurones active during delay period - these neurons provide neural correlate for retaining visuo-spatial info
23
Q

how long do PFC neurons stay active for in delay-response-task

A

until they give response (varied with each task)

24
Q

PFC in working memory for faces (Druzgal and D’Esposito, 2003) - PROCEDURE

A
  • four stimuli presneted successively in encoding section - either intact or scrambled faces
  • Ps had to remember only inatct faces
  • number of intact faces varied with each trial (more faces.= more demands on WM)
  • probe presented was either a match or not
25
Q

PFC in working memory for faces (Druzgal and D’Esposito, 2003) - FINDINGS

A
  • activation in lateral PFC was sustained during delay - needed for encoding of probe
  • activity greater when more faces had to be remembered
  • FFA showed greatest activation when face was shown, but LPFC showed greater sustained activation in delay period
  • BUT FFA activity not at baseline
  • support idea that PFC critical for WM
26
Q

WM: interaction between PFC and posterior cortex

A

PFC activation reflects a representation of task goal

WM relies on interaction between PFC and other regions of brain e.g. FFA

27
Q

Petrides’ theory of working memory

A

suggested division of function sin PFC

- two separate processes: maintenance and manipulation

28
Q

Petrides’s neuropsychological findings

A

patients with PFC damage impaired at self-ordered pointing task

  • whenever Ps needed to retain spatial info - activation in ventrolateral PFC
  • whenever Ps needed to retain and update new locations - activation seen in dorsolateral PFC
29
Q

function of the ventrolateral PFC

A

LONG-TERM MEMORY ENCODING

- selecting and maintaining info within WM

30
Q

function of dorsolateral PFC

A
  • manipulating and monitoring information in WM
31
Q

What is the Modal Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin)

A
  • they propose there are different stores for STM and LTM
32
Q

Patient HM and different STM and LTM stores

A
  • inability to make new memories (no transfer to LTM)

- but intact STM

33
Q

Patient KF and different STM and LTM stores

A
  • left parieto-occipital damage
  • normal LTM, good long-term learning
  • smal STM span
34
Q

unitary models of WM/LTM

A
  • working memory is just temporary activation of LTM memories
  • Central executive proposed to be responsible for selecting and activating LTM representations to bring them into ‘focus of attention’
  • BUT capacity?
35
Q

WM/LTM final conc.

A
  • working memory and LTM are not completely distinct
36
Q

PFC and memory encoding (Kellley et al 1998)

A
  • encoding of words or semantic materials involve the LEFT PFC
  • encoding of spatial info or faces involve the RIGHT PFC
37
Q

PFC and retrieval

A
  • activity in DLPFC increases with increased demands
    e. g. free recall, recall (vs recognition) low confidence judgements = INCREASED DLPFC activity
  • PFC damage results in more severe impairment during free recall as compared to recognition.
38
Q

source monitoring

A

the process by which retrieved memories are attributed to their original context

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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